Neurons and Synapses

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and their functions.

Synapses

Small spaces in between neurons, or between neurons and effectors (muscle or gland).

Pre-synaptic cell

The cell that sends signals across a synapse.

Post-synaptic cell

The cell that receives signals across a synapse.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons, including the presynaptic membrane, the postsynaptic membrane, and the synaptic cleft.

Presynaptic membrane

The membrane of the axon bulb.

Postsynaptic membrane

The membrane of the dendrites.

Synaptic cleft

The gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes.

Exocytosis

Process where vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters

Molecules that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitter Molecules

Common neurotransmitter molecules: Dopamine, Acetylcholine, serotonin, and Norepinephrine.

Dopamine

Affects the brain synapses in control of body movements; is linked to sensations of pleasure, such as eating. Excessive production linked to schizophrenia; inadequate production linked to Parkinson's disease.

Serotonin

Regulates temperature and sensory perception; is involved in mood control. Inadequate amounts in the brain linked to depression.

Endorphins

Act as natural painkillers in synapses in the brain; also effect emotional areas of the brain. Deficiency linked to an increased risk of alcoholism.

Norepinephrine

Used by the brain and some autonomic neurons; complements the actions of epinephrine, which readies the body to respond to danger or other stressful situations. Overproduction linked to high blood pressure, anxiety, and insomnia; deficiency linked to hunger cravings and exhaustion.