Chapter 1: New World Beginnings (33,000 BCE - 1769 CE)

Great Ice Age

An extremely cold period of time encompassing the Pleistocene Epoch

• lasted from 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago

Pleistocene Epoch

a period that lasted from 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago

Large Ice Sheets

The Great Ice Age marked the advance and retreat of ? over North America, Europe, and Asia

Migration

Drop in sea levels due to Great Ice Age exposed land bridge known as Beringia between Siberia and Alaska causing a great ?

Bering Land Bridge

Name of the land bridge that connected Eurasia to the Americas

Eurasian people

The Great Migration from the Great Ice Age led to ? settling in the Americas

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer under Spanish sponsorship

• made 4 voyages across Atlantic in 1492

Caribbean, indigenous peoples

Columbus meant to find a route to Asia, but he instead discovered the ?, meeting various ?

sustained European contact

Columbus began an era of ? with the Americas (New World)

• led to cultural, economic, and social changes to both the New and Old World

colonization, exploitation

Columbus’s discovery of the New World led to the ? and ? of indigenous populations

Columbian Exchange

A pivotal process of cross-continental exchange following Columbus’s voyages.

goods, crops, livestock, and diseases

During the Columbian Exchange, many ?, ?, ?, and ? were traded between the Old and New World

• maize, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe

• horses, cattle, and pigs to the Americas

smallpox

One significant thing Europe gave the Americas was ?

• the natives didn’t have immunity

Encomienda System

A system established by the Spanish Crown in the early 16th century to colonize and manage Spanish territories in the Americas

• Spanish colonizers get labor from natives

• Laborers get protection and religious teaching

Encomenderos

Spanish settlers who were granted the right to extract labor from native communities

• highly abused the Encomienda System

feudal, exploitation

The Encomienda System was supposed to be a form of ? control, but it was more like severe ? with harsh conditions, expectations, and treatment

Hernan Cortés

A Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485-1547 whose expedition led to the fall of the Aztec Empire

Aztec

Hernan Cortés formed alliances with rivals of the ?

Moctezuma II, Tenochtitlán

Hernan Cortés captured the Aztec emperor, ?, and was able to destroy ? in his conquest for Spanish Dominance

Mexico

Hernan Cortés’s conquest led to the integration of ? for Spain

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish Conquistador best known for his conquest of the Inca Empire

Inca Empire

Francisco Pizarro capitalized on internal strife within the ?

Atahualpa

Francisco Pizarro captured the Incan ruler ? and after demanding random, executing him, leading to Spanish colonial rule in South America

mineral

Francisco Pizarro’s successful conquest of the Incan Empire led to an influx of rich ? resources for Spain.

Spanish Conquistadores

A group of adventurers and soldiers who were pivotal in Spanish colonization during the 16th and 17th centuries

wealth, fame, religious

Spanish Conquistadores were motivated by a desire for ?, ?, and ? conversion

violence, forced

Conquistadores often used strong ? and ? labor

Pope’s Rebellion

Occurred in 1680 when the Pueblo people successfully revolted against Spanish colonial rule in New Mexico

• also known as the Pueblo Revolt

Popé, New Mexico

The Pueblo Revolt was led by ? and took place in ?

suppression, harsh

The Pope's Rebellion was in direct response to the ? of indigenous religious practices and ? labor conditions

temporarily expelled

The Pope’s Rebellion was successfully as it ? Spanish settlers

Father Junipero Serra

A Spanish Franciscan missionary who founded the first 9 missions in California out of 21

• lived from 1713-1784

convert, Christianity, assimilate

Father Junipero Serra’s main goal was to ? Native Americans to ? and ? them into Spanish society

colonize

Father Junipero Serra’s missions were critical to Spain’s goal to ? the Americas and set up control

disrupting

Father Junipero Serra’s forced conversions and harsh conditions were very ? to the indigenous

Black Legend

a style of historical propaganda portraying Spain and its empire in a very bad way

cruelty

The point of the Black Legend propaganda was to emphasize Spain’s ?

European powers

Black Legend was fueled by rival ?

• England, France, Netherlands

grievances

Even though the Black Legend was really just to justify other European colonization, it still highlighted real ? with colonialism