Studied by 13 people
Great Ice Age
An extremely cold period of time encompassing the Pleistocene Epoch
lasted from 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago
Pleistocene Epoch
a period that lasted from 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago
Large Ice Sheets
The Great Ice Age marked the advance and retreat of ? over North America, Europe, and Asia
Migration
Drop in sea levels due to Great Ice Age exposed land bridge known as Beringia between Siberia and Alaska causing a great ?
Bering Land Bridge
Name of the land bridge that connected Eurasia to the Americas
Eurasian people
The Great Migration from the Great Ice Age led to ? settling in the Americas
Christopher Columbus
An Italian explorer under Spanish sponsorship
made 4 voyages across Atlantic in 1492
Caribbean, indigenous peoples
Columbus meant to find a route to Asia, but he instead discovered the ?, meeting various ?
sustained European contact
Columbus began an era of ? with the Americas (New World)
led to cultural, economic, and social changes to both the New and Old World
colonization, exploitation
Columbus’s discovery of the New World led to the ? and ? of indigenous populations
Columbian Exchange
A pivotal process of cross-continental exchange following Columbus’s voyages.
goods, crops, livestock, and diseases
During the Columbian Exchange, many ?, ?, ?, and ? were traded between the Old and New World
maize, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe
horses, cattle, and pigs to the Americas
smallpox
One significant thing Europe gave the Americas was ?
the natives didn’t have immunity
Encomienda System
A system established by the Spanish Crown in the early 16th century to colonize and manage Spanish territories in the Americas
Spanish colonizers get labor from natives
Laborers get protection and religious teaching
Encomenderos
Spanish settlers who were granted the right to extract labor from native communities
highly abused the Encomienda System
feudal, exploitation
The Encomienda System was supposed to be a form of ? control, but it was more like severe ? with harsh conditions, expectations, and treatment
Hernan Cortés
A Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485-1547 whose expedition led to the fall of the Aztec Empire
Aztec
Hernan Cortés formed alliances with rivals of the ?
Moctezuma II, Tenochtitlán
Hernan Cortés captured the Aztec emperor, ?, and was able to destroy ? in his conquest for Spanish Dominance
Mexico
Hernan Cortés’s conquest led to the integration of ? for Spain
Francisco Pizarro
A Spanish Conquistador best known for his conquest of the Inca Empire
Inca Empire
Francisco Pizarro capitalized on internal strife within the ?
Atahualpa
Francisco Pizarro captured the Incan ruler ? and after demanding random, executing him, leading to Spanish colonial rule in South America
mineral
Francisco Pizarro’s successful conquest of the Incan Empire led to an influx of rich ? resources for Spain.
Spanish Conquistadores
A group of adventurers and soldiers who were pivotal in Spanish colonization during the 16th and 17th centuries
wealth, fame, religious
Spanish Conquistadores were motivated by a desire for ?, ?, and ? conversion
violence, forced
Conquistadores often used strong ? and ? labor
Pope’s Rebellion
Occurred in 1680 when the Pueblo people successfully revolted against Spanish colonial rule in New Mexico
also known as the Pueblo Revolt
Popé, New Mexico
The Pueblo Revolt was led by ? and took place in ?
suppression, harsh
The Pope's Rebellion was in direct response to the ? of indigenous religious practices and ? labor conditions
temporarily expelled
The Pope’s Rebellion was successfully as it ? Spanish settlers
Father Junipero Serra
A Spanish Franciscan missionary who founded the first 9 missions in California out of 21
lived from 1713-1784
convert, Christianity, assimilate
Father Junipero Serra’s main goal was to ? Native Americans to ? and ? them into Spanish society
colonize
Father Junipero Serra’s missions were critical to Spain’s goal to ? the Americas and set up control
disrupting
Father Junipero Serra’s forced conversions and harsh conditions were very ? to the indigenous
Black Legend
a style of historical propaganda portraying Spain and its empire in a very bad way
cruelty
The point of the Black Legend propaganda was to emphasize Spain’s ?
European powers
Black Legend was fueled by rival ?
England, France, Netherlands
grievances
Even though the Black Legend was really just to justify other European colonization, it still highlighted real ? with colonialism
