Government officials’ examination of and hunt for evidence on a person or in a place in a manner that intrudes on reasonable expectations of privacy.
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reasonable expectation of privacy
The objective standard developed by courts for determining whether a government intrusion into an individual’s person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with the individual’s interests that are normally protected from government examination.
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plain view doctrine
Officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is in open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be.
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seizures
Situations in which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and that must not be “unreasonable” according to the Fourth Amendment.
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stop
Government officials’ interference with an individual’s freedom of movement for a duration that typically lasts less than one hour and only rarely extends for as long as several hours.
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reasonable suspicion
A police officer’s belief, based on articulable facts that would be recognized by others in a similar situation, that criminal activity is afoot and necessitates further investigation that will intrude on an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy.
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Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
Deadly force may not be used against an unarmed and fleeing suspect unless necessary to prevent the escape and unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officers or others.
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probable cause
Reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location or that a specific person is guilty of a crime.
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affidavit
Written statement of fact, supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant
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Illinois v. Gates (1983)
U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the flexible “totality of circumstances” test for determining the existence of the probable cause needed for obtaining a search warrant.
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totality of circumstances
Flexible test established by the Supreme Court for identifying whether probable cause exists that permits the judge to determine if the available evidence is both sufficient and reliable enough to issue a warrant.
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Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Supreme Court decision endorsing police officers’ authority to stop and frisk suspects on the streets when there is reasonable suspicion that they are armed and involved in criminal activity.
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stop and frisk search
Limited search approved by the Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio, which permits police officers to pat down the clothing of people on the street if there is reasonable suspicion of dangerous criminal activity
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Chimel v. California (1969)
Supreme Court decision that endorsed warrantless searches for weapons and evidence in the immediate vicinity of people who are lawfully arrested.
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exigent circumstances
When there is an immediate threat to public safety or the risk that evidence will be destroyed, officers may search, arrest, or question suspects without obtaining a warrant or following other usual rules of criminal procedure.
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consent search
A permissible warrantless search of a person, vehicle, home, or other location based on a person with proper authority or the reasonable appearance of proper authority voluntarily granting permission for the search to take place.
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United States v. Drayton (2002)
Judicial decision declaring that police officers are not required to inform people of their right to decline to be searched when police ask for consent to search
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inventory search
Permissible warrantless search of a vehicle that has been “impounded”—meaning that it is in police custody—so that police can make a record of the items contained in the vehicle
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Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that suspects in custody must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to be represented during questioning.
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"public safety" exception
Exception to Miranda requirements that permits police to immediately question a suspect in custody without providing any warnings, if public safety would be jeopardized by their taking the time to supply the warnings
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exclusionary rule
The principle that illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trial.
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Wolf v. Colorado (1949)
Supreme Court decision in which the Fourth Amendment was applied against searches by state and local police officers, but the exclusionary rule was not imposed as the remedy for violations of the Fourth Amendment by these officials.
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Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Supreme Court decision that applied the exclusionary rule as the remedy for improper searches by state and local officials.
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Weeks v. United States (1914)
Supreme Court decision applying the exclusionary rule as the remedy for improper searches by federal law enforcement officials.
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"good faith" exception
Exception to the exclusionary rule that permits the use of improperly obtained evidence when police officers acted in honest reliance on a defective statute, a warrant improperly issued by a magistrate, or a consent to search by someone who lacked authority to give such permission.
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United States v. Leon (1984)
Supreme Court decision announcing the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule.
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"inevitable discovery" rule
Supreme Court ruling that improperly obtained evidence can be used if it would inevitably have been discovered by the police.
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Nix v. Williams (1984)
Legal decision in which the Supreme Court created the “inevitable discovery” exception to the exclusionary rule.
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