Unit 2: Keywords

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culture

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59 Terms

1

culture

the way of life of a society

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2

beliefs

statements that people hold to be true

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3

values

standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behaviour is right or wrong

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4

norms

the behaviour expected of members in a society

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5

social interaction

any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other

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6

customs

norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time

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7

laws

rules that are given force by being formalised by governments

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8

status

a position that someone has in a society - ascribed or achieved

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9

role

patterns of behaviour expected of someone because of their status in society

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10

social institutions

parts of society that have their own sets of norms and values

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11

social identity

individuals’ perception of themselves

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12

gender

the roles and expectations associated with being male or female

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13

stereotypes

the attributes that people think (often wrongly) characterise a group

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14

social control

ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values

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15

rewards

a positive sanction

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16

sanctions

waysofrewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behaviour

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17

sub-culture

a group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values

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18

youth sub-culture

sub-culture of adolescents or young adults

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19

value consensus

general agreement across a society on a set of values

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20

social conformity

in accordance with norms and social expectations

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21

informal social control

ways of controlling behaviour imposed by people without a formal role

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22

peer group

people of the same status

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23

ostracism

excluding someone from the community or group

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24

formal social control

social control imposed by a person or organisation with the authority to implement rules or laws

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25

agencies of socialisation

institutions in which people are socialised

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26

primary socialisation

first and most important period of socialisation in which the individual learns the basic norms of behaviour

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27

hidden curriculum

what pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons

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28

peer pressure

influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform

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29

coercion

use or threat of force or violence

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30

social order

the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time

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31

childhood

the period before adulthood

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32

adulthood

when an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member

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33

masculinity

the expected behaviour associated with being male

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34

ethnic minority

a relatively small ethnic group compared with the majority in a society and seen is a different

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35

globalisation

complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other

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36

global culture

idea that as a result of globalisation there will be a single shared culture around the world

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37

diversity

wide differences between human cultures

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38

lifestyle

typical way of life

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39

cultural relativism

considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a western point of view

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40

multicultural society

society in which many different cultured exist alongside each other

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41

ethnicity

cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin

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42

race

supposed biological differences between different groups

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43

social construction

the idea that social situations and events are constructed by societies

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44

age groups

ways in which people of the same/similar ages share a status

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45

elderly

belonging to the age group of those advanced in years

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46

child-centred

a society in which children are highly valued and time is devoted to their wellbeing

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47

secondary socialisation

later socialisation involving the learning of more specific norms and values for roles

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48

imitation

young children learning by copying the behaviour of others

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49

role modelling

acting as an example

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50

sex

being male or female

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51

manipulation

how parents and others encourage and discourage behaviour

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52

canalisation

chanelling children towards activities considered appropriate for them

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53

social class

a form of social stratification grouping people based on social hierarchy

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54

inadequate socialisation

incomplete or ineffective socialisation

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55

feral children

‘wild’ children who haven’t been socialised

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56

nature

influence of biological factors on human behaviour

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57

nurture

influence of society and culture on human behaviour

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58

role conflict

when someone finds that the demands of 2 or more of their roles clash with each other

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59

femininity

expected behaviour associated with being female

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