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What is ethics?
Systems of valued behaviors and beliefs that govern proper conduct and character to ensure protection of individuals’ rights.
Discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.
What is the definition of autonomy?
A person’s capacity to formulate, express, and carry out value-based preferences.
The right to make one’s own decisions and to be independent and self-governing.
Sonographers will perform as agents of who?
The physician
What is Nonmaleficence?
Do no harm
What is Beneficence?
Do good
What are the guidelines for the sonography professional?
The goal of this code of ethics is to promote excellence in patient care by fostering responsibility and accountability among diagnostic medical sonographers. In so doing, the integrity of the profession of diagnostic medical sonography will be maintained.
What is the definition of informed consent?
Requires that permission be obtained from the patient to have a test or procedure performed after the patient has been fully informed about the test or procedure.
The patient has the right to consent or refuse any service/medical care?
True
What is the most wanted/ legal document of informed consent?
Written
What are the different types of informed consent?
Written
Oral
Implied
What are the valid qualifications of consent?
Patient is of legal age
Is mentally competent
Gives consent voluntarily
Is adequately informed
Type of care
Risks
What is the definition of professionalism?
Being involved in and worthy of the high standards of a profession
What are the standards of professionalism?
Integrity
Honesty
Compassion
Devoid of self-interest
Psychosocial well-being of patients
What are the Obstetrical Sonography Obligations for the Pregnant Patient and Fetus?
Pregnant Patient(Mom)
Autonomy
Beneficence
Fetus(Baby)
Beneficence
What are the moral obligations owed to fetus by physician and sonographer as physicians agent?
Continuing pregnancy to term
Protect and promote fetal/child interests
Prevention of premature death
Prevention of disease or disability
Prevention of unnecessary pain and suffering
Until the fetus is born, where are the legal records obligation of the fetal patient stored?
Stored under moms record until fetal patient reaches age of majority
What is the moral status of the fetus as a patient?
Mom has a beneficence-based obligation to fetal patient also
Moral fiduciary for fetus
Protection of fetal/child interest
As a sonographer, the autonomy of the patient’s decision with abortion should remain ______
Neutrility
With an abortion, what are the sonographers rights?
May withdraw from involvement
What is the definition of competence?
Providing accurate and reliable information from sonographic examination
Rigorous standard of training
Skill proficiency
Continuing education
What can result from a failure of competency?
Mistaken Diagnosis
Incomplete or inaccurate information
Creates lack of beneficence/nonmaleficence
What are the two ethical clinical challenges related to referral issues?
Maintain standards of general competence
Disclosure of inadequate exams/practices
Any issues should be dealt with in a professional and ethical manner
What is the informed consent role?
What exam can and cannot define
Uncertain interpretation
Timing relevant to desired information
What images can and cannot be disclosed?
Normal anatomy may be disclosed by sonographer
Any anomalies need to be disclosed and discussed by physicians
With the disclosure of images, how does it help with the bonding of a mother and child?
Prenatal care
Preparation
With disclosure of images, gender identification must have:
Viable reason
Autonomy
Inherent risk of uncertainty
Always document gender, but don’t show if patient doesn’t want to knoe
What are the proponents of disclosing images?
Enhances bonding
Educates patients and family
Increases patient’s compliance
Increases patient’s acceptance of sonography
What are the opponents of disclosing images?
extends scanning time
Distracts sonographer
Commercialization
When disclosing pictures/videos what must occur?
Written policy per institution
Specific time- after completion of regular exam
Mirror diagnostic images
Reviewed by physician
What is nondiagnostic use?
Not using ultrasound for healthcare purposes
Why is nondiagnostic use common?
Availability of equipment
Lack of legal regulation
Where is confidentiality derived from?
Autonomy
Beneficence
What is disclosed to outside parties only with patient’s explicit permission?
Pregnancy
Due dates
Number & gender
What are the 4 C’s of medical malpractice prevention?
Caring
Communication
Competence
Charting
What is Caring of the 4C’s
Do no harm, work to improve condition
Sincerity
What is Communication of the 4C’s
Listen attentively (don’t assume)
Speak calmly and clearly
What is Competence of the 4C’s
Professionalism - Credentialed
Continuing Education
What is Charting of the 4C’s
As though the patient will read his or her own medical record