Science 10 January Midterms

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

dna

deoxyribonucleic acid

deoxyribonucleic acid

oxygen is taken away from the ribose sugar and is an acid located in the nucleus

gene regulation

every cell contains 2,000 genes but only some are activated due to the dna codes

dna structure

dna is a type of nucleic acid and is a double coiled helix made up of nucleotides

nucleic acids

the type of biomolecule that DNA falls under that is a polymer

biomolecules

DNA, carbs, lipids, proteins

polymer

anythign with repeating atoms known as monomers

monomer

waht polymers are made of

apply polymer + monomers

dna p, nucleotides m

nucleotides

made up of ribose sugars, phosphorus groups, and nitrogenous bases that make up the structure of the DNA coil that act as building blocks (nucleotide monomers that make up the DNA polymer)

ribose sugar

determines the stability of the cell due to the prescense of its oxygen or not (deoxy or oxy) and holds the phosphorus and nitrogenous bases together

phosphorus groups

the backbons of the helix coil structure that act as skeletons of the nucleotide

nitrogenous bases

actg that determine the makeup of dna and use complementary base pairing to pair

atcg

adenine thymine cytosine and guanine that are held together by hydrogen bonds

complementary base pairing

at, cg

hydrogen bonds

the weakest chemical bond

genome

the general term used for the set of instructions of DNA, collection of genes

nucleosomes

the combination of dna and proteins called histones that prevent dna frm getting tangled

histones

proteins that dna wraps around in order to prevent tangling

chromosomes

made up of coding and non coding areas

proteins

make up the structural parts of every living things muscles, bonds, command, etc and are another type of biomolecule

intorns

non coding section that are leftovers of evolution, stop or starts, sections left in by viruses

exons

coding section that have insturctiosn on how to make protens (also called genes, coding sections)

amino acid code

the language of dna coding that has instructions on how to make proteins

ribonucleic acid

has the oxygen in the roboes sugar (less stable allowing for mutations), a single stranded genetic material (only one side of the nucleotide is drawn) that has uracil for a nitrogenous base which replace thymine (aucg), made in the nucleus but leaves to live in the cytoplasm

mrna

messenger rna gives copies of the protein genes necessary to fight other info

What are genes?

Genes are short segments of DNA coiled around proteins

What is genetics?

The scientific study of heredity

Heredity

passing of traits from parent to offspring

Allele

each variant of the gene

Homozygus

having identical genes

Heterozygus

having two different genes

dominant gene

dominant, mask recessive alleles

recessive gene

the weaker gene, only seen if there is no dominant gene present

dominant allele disroders

polydactyl, dwarfism

recessive allele disorders

albinism, cycstic fibrosis

incomplete dominance

when two diffent alleles are present —> a new one, intermidate phenotype of the two blending (ex. red & white = pink)

codominance

two alleles are both present in the phenotype, heterozygus phenotype (ex. patches)

multiple allelism

when there is more than 2 alleles possible for a given gene, allows for a larger number of genetic and phenotypic possibilities. (ex. Human blood types: A,B,O and AB)

mutation

1. A random change in an organism’s DNA

2. Can be inherited– passed down from a parent to their offspring

mutations can be..?

positive, neutral, and harmful depending on the environment

nucleus

contains protons and neutrons

atomic mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus (also the number of electrons in a neutral atom)

how do u calculate the number of neutrons?

Atomic mass - atomic number

isotopes

a type of the atom with different numbers of neutrons but have the same atomic number but different mass number, the number of protons determine the element. (ex. Isotope- 14, I-14, I14)

radioactivity

the decay or breakdown of unstable atomic nuclei, this results in the release of energy or particles

3 types of radioactive decay

1. alpha

2. beta

3. gamma

alpha radiation

• removes two protons and two neutrons

• identical to the helim ion (4He2+)

• not penetrating: stopped by air, paper

• electrical charge: +2

• Mass #: -4

• Atomic #: -2

Beta Decay

• an electron is emitted from the splitting of a neutron that transforms the atom into a new element

• More penetrating: stopped by a sheet of aluminum

• Electrical charge: -1

• no protons and neutrons

• Mass #: 0

• Atomic #: +1

gamma radiation

• electromagnetic radiation is the release of energy in the form of light

• Most penetrating: through lead

• Electric charge is 0

Half Life

1 half life: ½

2 half life: ¼

3 half life: 1/8

Radioactive Dating

The method of determine age of carbon donating material based on the rate of exact of radioactive carbon 14

Nuclear Fusion

the atomic combination that releases energy occurs with smaller atoms such as hydrogen and helium

Nuclear Fission

splitting of bigger molecules into smaller ones

Large, unstable

What is energy?

The ability to do work

What is work?

Work is done when a force causes an object to move

Potential Energy

the energy of an object due to its position, shape, or condition

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object due to the objects motion

Types of potential energy

Elastic potential energy

Chemical potential energy

Gravitational potential energy

Chemical Potential Energy

The potential energy stored in substances

Calories: the chemical energy of food

Ex batteries

Gravitational Potential Energy

When u lift an object u do work on it

Use a force that is against the force of gravity

Depends on the objects weight and height above the ground

Forms of Kinetic Energy

Light, thermal, sound and mechanical

Mechanical Kinetic Energy

The energy an object possesses due to its motion

Laws of Conservation of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed

• Can be transformed or changed from one form to another

• Kinetic can be transformed into potential vise versa

• Total amount of energy cannot be changed

Thermal energy

All of the kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and it depends on the amount of atoms moving

Temperature

Average kinetic energy