Reproductive system lecture

functions of the reproductive system

Produce gamete, hormone production, deliver and receive sperm cells.

In females only- nurture and development of a fetus and lactation

Gonads in males

testes

Gonads in females

ovaries

gametes in males

Spermatozoa/sperm

gametes in females

Ova/egg

Hormone released from the hypothalamus

GnRH

Hormone released from anterior pituitary

FSH and LH

Hormones from the gonads in females

Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

Hormones from the gonads in males

Testosterone and inhibin

What is the perineum?

diamond shaped area between thighs

Anterior region of the perineum

Coccyx

Posterior region of the perineum

Pubic symphysis

Bilateral region of the perineum

Ischial tuberosity

Anterior triangle of the perineum

urogenital triangle

Posterior triangle of the perineum

anal triangle

perineal raphe

Ridge of tissue that extends from the anus through the center of the perineum

Gametogenesis

production of gametes. Forms a haploid cell that fuses to form a singe diploid cell known as a zygote

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm

Oogensis

Formation of ova

autosomes and sex chromosomes

autosomes are pairs 1-22

Sex chromosomes is the 23rd pair

What do the testes produce?

sperm and testosterone

inguinal canal

the channel through which the testis descends into the scrotum in the male

Where do the testes form during fetal development

Inside the pelvic cavity

What separates the right and left scrotum

Medium septum

spermatic cord

formed above each testis. It surrounds the ductus deferens, testicular nerce, testiscular artery and veins, cremaster muscle and fascia layers

what do testicular veins form

pampiniform plexus

Why is scrotal temperature cooler than core body temp

so spermatogensis can take place

What helps keep scrotal temperature lower

Muscles contractions, being outside of the pelvic cavity, and countercurrent heat exchange

creamaster muscle

Scrotal muscle that contracts in cold environments

dartos muscle

Contracts in cold environments and relaxes in warmer environments

countercurrent heat exchange mechanism

Blood coming into the artery transfers it's heat to pampiniform plexus

tunica albuginea

white fibrous capsule on testes

septa

Walls that form compartments within the testis

Seminiferous tubules

Coiled tubes within each lobule, the exact site of spermatogensis

What are the cells found in the seminiferous tubule

Germ cells, sustentacular cells, interstitial cells

germ cells (future sperm)

attached to the basement membrane of the tubules. They will migrate toward the center of the tubule to undergo meiosis (diploid to haploid) and change shape (sperm)

sustentacular cells (cells of sertoli)

Form walls of the tubules. They are nondividing, respond to FSH by releasing ABP to stimulate the germ cells to migrate toward the lumen. As germ cells migrate they will divide and differentiate. Inhibin will be secreted to regulate spermatogensis vis inhibition of FSH. Forms the blood testis barrier through tight junctions. sustentacular cells protect sperm from blood, b/c blood can see sperm as foreign bc of different chromosomes numbers and proteins

Interstitial cells (cells of leydig)

Fill the interstitial space that aurrond the seminiferous tubules. Responds to LH by releasing testosterone

Parts of a sperm

head, midpiece, tail

Head of the sperm

acrosome has enzymes to digest a pathway through the outer layers of the ovum

Mid piece of the sperm

contains mitochondria to form ATP, so the flagella can move

how do sperm move in the male tract

they are proplled by the muscular waves of the spermatic tubes

How do sperm move in females

Flagella move in a whip-like fashion

Ducts within the testis

Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis

Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature. Sperm are viable for 2-3 months here if not ejaculated it will be phagocytized

Ductus deferens

carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

ejaculatory duct

tube through which semen enters the male urethra. Connects the ductus deferens to the urethra

Urethra

Passes through penis; shared by reproductive and urinary systems

male ejaculate

spermatozoa and seminal fluid

accessory glands

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

seminal vesicles

Two glands produce 60% of seminal volume

prostate gland

one gland, 30% of seminal volume

bulbourethral glands

2 glands, 10% of seminal volume, pre-ejaculate

components of semen

Alkaline pH, mucus for lubrication, fructose for energy

prepuce

foreskin

Smegma

waxy oil secreted by sebaceous

Urethra sections

Prostatic, membranous, spongy

uterine tube

site of fertilization

segments of the uterine tube

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

infundibulum of uterine tube

flared, trumpet-shaped distal end. Has fimbriae which are finger like projections that draw in the oocyte

ampulla of uterine tube

site of fertilization

isthmus of uterine tube

Bridge to uterus

tubal ligation

female sterilization

fundus

upper dome area of the uterus

Body of the uterus

Main part

uterine cavity

Open area that's deep

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

cervical canal

Channel that runs through the cervix that is lined with mucous glands

interal os

Opening between cervical cavity and cervical canal

external os

Opening between cervical cavity and vagina

Layers of the uterus

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

perimetrium

outer layer of uterus

myometrium

muscle layer of the uterus, muscular that contracts during labor

endometrium

inner lining of the uterus

Stratum basalis vs stratum functionalis of the endometrium

Basalis- the thickness does not change

\
Functionalis- thicker in early cycle, sheds in absence of estrogen and progesterone

Vagina

birth canal, channel for menstrual fluid

hymen

mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

What is the pH of the vagina?

3.5-4, has to be acidic to kill off bacteria

vestibule of vagina

Space surrounded by the labia minora

mons pubis

Fatty area that covers the pubis symphysis

Puberty stages in females

Thelarche, pubarche/adrenarche, menarche

Ovarian cycle phases

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

follicular phase

the stage in which an immature egg completes its first meiotic division

Ovulation

release of the ovum from the ovary

luteal phase

the menstrual stage in which the corpus luteum develops

uterine cycle phases

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

menstural phase

uterine lining sheds

proliferating phase

thickening of the endometrium layer

What hormone controls milk production

prolactin released by the anterior pituitary

What hormone controls milk ejection

oxytocin released by the posterior pituitary

menopause

Ending of menstruation for 12 months

male climacteric

decline of reproductive function in males

signs of ovulation

Increase in basal body temperature

Changes in cervical mucus, it becomes more runny

How long is sperm viable?

24-48 hours after ejaculation

how long is the fertility window

48 hours before ovulation and 24 hours after