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empiricism
view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
structuralism
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
functionalism
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
experimental psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 not 2
humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
nature-nurture issue
longstanding controversy over the relative contributions the genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Todays science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to socio-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural levels of analysis
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists etc...)
cognitive psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection
psychodynamic psychology
branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
socio-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
personality psychology
the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
industrial-organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
human factors psychology
an i-o psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology the assists people with problems in living ( often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology the studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medicinal (drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
Wilhelm Wundt
established 1st psychology lab at University of Leipzig, Germany
structuralist
G. Stanley Hall
Started first psych lab in US at JHU
Wundt’s student
William James
Functionalist
focused on why our brain and nose worked together and used ideas from Darwin about adaptations
authored Principles of Psychology
Mary Whiton Clakins
important memory researcher
mentored by william james
first female president of APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
synthesized animal behavior in The Animal Mind
secong female president of APA
mentored by titchener
Sigmund Freud
emphasized emotional responses to childhood and unconscious thoughts affecting our behavior
inspired psychodynamic approach
John B. Watson
behaviorist
thought psych as science of behavior and conditioned responses
dismissed introspection
B.F. Skinner
leading behaviorist
dismissed introspection focused on observable behavior
Carl Rogers
humanistic psychologist
focused on current environmental influence and the need for love and acceptance, ignored childhood experiences and conditioned response
Ivan Pavlov
russian physiologist
pioneered study of learning
Jean Piaget
swiss biologist
influential observer of children
Charles Darwin
1800s voyager
believed natural selection shapes behavior and genes
Dorothea Dix
helped to create the humane treatment of those with psychological disorders