14: perception and action development

Developmentalists suspect that is important to perceptual development

movement

Movement is necessary for coupling of perception and movement

perception-action theory/ecological theory

Historical perspective of perception action thought that perceptual-motor programs did not improve ____, but did help the development of ____

cognitive skills, motor skills

Piaget thought that reality is constructed by relating ____ to _____

action, sensory information

Stages of reality construction are organized

sequentially

Perception and action become better organized after

infancy

Limited perception guides a movement which then leads to a new perception

perception-action loop

Perception and action have a _ relationship

bidirectional

In the brain the _ and ____ are coactivated

prefrontal cortex, cerebellum

Exercise stimulates

brain activity

There is a positive link between ____ and ____ in children

physical activity, cognitive functioning

Seen to develop with acute levels of physical activity, stimulates the growth of neurons

BDNF

_ improves with increased locomotor experience

spatial perception

Walkers hesitate _ on steadier declines

more

Walkers hesitate _ on steeper declines

less

Crawlers hesitate _ on steeper declines

more

Crawlers hesitate on steadier declines

less

From experience, the walkers knew the ramps’

affordances

With increased experience, infants showed to surfaces and slopes

more sensitivity

What the environment permits, given the capability of the performer

affordance

Affordances are perceived without cognitive analysis of

object characteristics

Perception of affordances is done without

thinking

An individual’s size relative to the environment

body scaling

In healthy young adults, stair height is directly related to

leg length

In older adults, stair height is related to

strength and flexibility

Posture involved input from _ receptors

Posture and balance are specific to ____ constraints

environmental, task

Children rely more on ____ than ______ senses

kinesthetic, visual

Cues in conflict can cause

disorientation

Frames of reference include

visual cues, supporting surface, gravity

The challenge of locomotion is to control the

degrees of freedom

Adjustments are made as we perceive a surface’s

affordances

Lowering COG, widening base of support, using arms in high guard, and slow movement can all be used to

balance

The task of childhood is learning how different complement each other during movement

frames of reference

From birth to standing, people have a _ direction of muscle control

cephalocaudal

From standing age to 6 years, the main task is coordinating

upper and lower body

Once independent walking emerges, locomotor patterns become

reciprocally organized

Blocking certain segments of the body, freezing the degrees of freedom

en bloc

From 7 years to adolescence, the main task is

refinement of head stabilization

Head stabilization is necessary for descending temporal organization of

balance control

In adulthood, the main task is refining

control of degrees of freedom in the neck

It takes _ longer to initiate a response to perturbation

older adults

Older adults _ more than younger individuals while standing upright

sway

In older adults, ______ muscles respond before _____muscles

Larger, smaller

Younger adults use the _ muscles to regain balance after small perturbations

ankle

____ constraints include changes in sensory receptors, loss of strength, diminishing vision, arthritic conditions in joints, slower nerve conduction speed

structural

____ constraints include fear of falling, lack of motivation, reticence to experience pain, activity level

functional

_ constraints include reliance on mobility aids, different garments, shift in activity type/opportunities

task

Exercise programs that stress ______ and ______ reduce falls

strength, balance