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Botany
is the scientific study of plants
Bryophytes
non-vascular plant such (ex.: mosses)
least in common of all terrestrial plants
no roots
unable to conduct nutrients (must be attached to host plant)
Cinchona Tree
Contains “Quinine” used
for treatment of malaria.
Periwinkle
Contains “Vinca” that has anti-cancer properties.
NATURAL SELECTION
Species having specific features caused them to adapt and reproduce and pass these features to their offspring.
Determine which features are eliminated and passed into next generation.
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
critical area for research
Has 2 goals:
(1) evaluate human impact in terms of biological diversity, and
(2) to prevent extinction of different species
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Seeks to develop new plant products. The creation of genetically modified plants.
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Critical area for research; prevents extinction of species
Prokaryotes
w/o nuclei
Eukaryote
w/ nuclei
Protista/Plantae
w/ chloroplasts
Fungi/Animalia
w/o chlorplast
Angiosperms
largest group of modern day plants
are also known as flowering plants and having seeds enclosed within their fruit.
Gymnosperms
conifers
no flowers or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A means of analyzing the physical universe
Observations are used as the basis for constructing a hypothesis that predicts the outcome of future observations or experiments
All accepted information can be derived from documented and controlled expt.
Religious Method
Universe is assumed to be created by or to contain deities
Improtant feature is that the actions of gods cannot be studied
Crops might floursih or fail due to god’s intervention to reward or punish people
Faith as fundamental principle of all religion
Metaphysical System
In addition to natural forces, there are supernatural, hidden forces that can never be observed or studied
Example
Luck, bad omens, accurate horoscopes, reliable method for picking the winning numbers in a lottery
Speculative Philosophy
Started with greek philosophers
Sought to develop logical explanation for simple observation
Philosophical postulations of atoms by Democritus
Atom - smallest unit
No verification, no expt were done
SUGGEST - basis for a theory
Metabolism
Exchange of emergy and matter with the environment must be present
Organisms absorb energy/matter, convert it to their own bodies and excrete the rest
CARL LINNAEUS
Father of Taxonomy
His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes)
Plant systematics
evolutionary history of plants
Plant Physiology
Aspects such as photosynthesis, flowering, and hormones
Plant anatomy
Relation of structure to functions
Paleobotany
Evolutionary relationship of fossil plants to living plants
Plant morphology
Plant life cycle, evolution of plants
Plant ecology
Plants relate to the environment, human effects to increased rate of plant extinction
Plant genetics
Transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next
Phycology
study of Algae
Mycology
study of fungi
Microbiology
disease-causing microorganisms
Horticulture
ornamental plants
Phytochemistry
important plant compounds
Herbal medicine and Ethnobotany
traditional uses of plants
Forestry
forest and products
Agriculture
crops and soil management
Pomology
fruit tree
Sir Francis Bacon
was a firm believer in the power of experimentation and the scientific method to uncover truth
Baconian Method
Give the desc of the facts
Make a tabulation/classification of facts
Accept or reject those facts
PHOTOTROPISM
the ability of the plant to re-orient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source
Postulate
a guess, a basis of theory and argument