Neuroscience Test 3

What are the two systems that protect the brain?

The Meninges and the Blood brain barrier 

What system nourishes the brain?

The arterial system

What system takes waste away from the brain?

Venous system

The Meninges are…

a 3 layered membrane surrounding the brain.

Dura mater

most outer layer; has 2 layers itself that are toghether unelss there is a cavity

Arachnoid mater

midddle layer; thinn delicate layer of connective tissue

Pia mater

inner layer; closest to the cortex and adheres to sluci and gyri.

epidural space

potential space between skull and dura mater in the spinal cord

Subdural space

potential space under the dura

Sinus is another word for

cavity

Subarachnoid space is what kind of space?

actual

Blood brain barrier functions

Protects against foreign invaders, against hormones and neurotransmitters and maintains homeostasis in the brain; not some things can get through

What can get through the BBB

alchohol and brain eating ameoba; plus some medicines 

How much oxygen does the brain consume?

20% of the body’s oxygen

Circle of Willis feeds the body oxegynated blood thorugh

anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery

The venous system 

moves deoxygenated blood away from the brain. 

Surface gray matter is made up of

neuron somas

white matter is made of

axons

deep grey matter is made of

thalamus, basal ganglia, etc 

how many ventricles does the brain have?

4

Layer one is made of

glia and neurons

Layer two is made of 

small pyramidal cells 

Layer 3 is made of

large pyramidal cells

layer 4 is made of

nonpyramidal cells

layer 5 is made of

betz cells

layer 6 is made of 

various cells. 

Frontal lobe controls 

reasonig, planning and motor movement 

parietal lobe controls

sensory perception and interpretation

occiptal lobe controls

visoin

temporal lobe controls 

memory, receptive language

The left side of the brain controls

Reading, writing, spoken language, auditory comprehension, reasoning

The right side of the brain controls

prosody, facial expression and recognition, body language, attention and visuospatial skills.

Corpus Callosum 

a band of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres together 

What kind of problems can a TBI create?

coma, drowsiness, headache, seizures, hydrocephalus, visoin changes, plegia/paresis

Problems from a TBI specififc to cognitive communcative

attention, orientation, memory, new learning, reasoning, problem solving, executive functions

Cerebral Palsy 

nonprogessive brain disorder, occurs before, at or right after brith. Symptoms include muscle tone issues, dyskinesias and gait problems 

3 main kinds of CP are

spastic, dyskinetic and ataxia

stuttering

interruptions in the normal smoothness of oral language. Interruptions called disfluencies.

Neuroplasticity

the adaptive capacity of the central nervous system

Use it or lose it 

if you don’t use a skill, you’ll lose it 

use it and improve it

the more you use a pathway, the stronger it gets

Specificity

the nature of the training experience dictates the nature of plasticity.

Repetition matters 

multiple attempts is what casues change 

intensity matters

the brain changes in response to a challenge.

Time matters

the more tiem you spend on a an activity, the more likely the brain will change

salience matters 

the brain changes best when the experience is interesting. 

age matters

younger brains are more neuroplastic than older ones.

transference

training in one area can enhance a related skill

interference 

sometimes neuropathways conflict and inhibit each other. 

Broadmann Map

a map that divides the brain into 52 areas based on gross anatomy and cellular structure.

Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex

occupies BA 9,10,11,12,45,46,47. Involved with cognition, personality , decision making and social behavior.

Two profiles from PFC damage are 

depressive and manic

Frontal Lobe: Frontal Eye Fields

occupies BA 8, controls eye movements( up, down, left,right). Damage results in eyes deviating toward injury. Involved in uncertainty and hope.

Frontal Lobe: Brocas Area

occupies BA 44, 45. Involved in interpretation of language and planning/ programing of verbal responses.

Frontal Lobe: Premotor Cortex

Occupies BA 6; Involved in selecting and planning of motor movements. 

Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortez

Occupies BA 4; sends motor plans developed in BA 6 to the muscles for them to act

Parietal Lobe; Primary Sensory Cortex

Occupies BA 1,2, 3; processes somatosensory information such as vibration, proprioception, touch and sterognosis.

Parietal Lobe; Somatosensory Association Cortex 

Occupies BA 5 and 7; used to refine motor action and interpret sensory information. 

Parietal Lobe; Angular Gyrus

Occupies BA 39; involved in reading and math abilities; could also be involved in our understanding of metaphors and our sense of embodiment

Parietal Lobe; Supermarginal Gyrus

Occupies BA 40; Involved in phonological systems ( stores auditory representations of phonemes)

Occipital Lobe: visual Cortex 

Occupies BA 17,18,19; where info from eyes is received and processed. 

Dorsal Stream

BA 18,19,7 and 39; the where of vision; analyzes motion and spatial relationships

Ventral Stream

BA 18,19,37; the what of vision; analyzes forms, colors and faces.

Temporal Lobe; Inferiro Temporal Area 

Occupies BA 20 and 21; Involved in processing of auditory and language information as well as reading facial emotions 

Temporal Lobe; Parahippocampal Gyrus

Occupies BA 27,28,34,35 and 36. Located on the mediul surface of temporal lobe. Involves the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex

Hippocampus 

associated with declarative memory 

Temporal Lobe: Fusiform Gyrus

occupies BA 37; important in remembering and naming seen objects

Temporal Lobe: Temporal Pole

Occupies BA 38; Involved in Langauge

Left; semeantic processing, speech comprehensions 

Right: integration of emotion into narratives, identifiying farmilier voices

both; theory of mind, empathy

Temporal Lobe; Primary Auditory Cortex

Occupies BA 41 and 42: receives auditory information , processes sound intensity and frequency; organized by tones 

Temporal Lobe; Wenicke’s Area

Occupies BA 22; Involved in attaching meaning to auditory infromation

Cingulate Cortex

Occupies BA 23-26, 30-33; part of the limbic system and has connections to the PFC and hippocampus

Insular Cortex

Suggested to play a role in language and maybe lexical decision making.

why is the white matter white?

Because the myelin sheaths surrounding the axons are white

Longitudnal fissure

separates the two hemispheres

central fissure

Seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal

Lateral fissure 

Separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe. 

association fibers

one part of the cortex to another part of the cortex in the same hemisphere

projection fibers

brain to body connection

Colossal fibers

connects one side to the same part of the brain on the other side

superior longitudnal fasciculus 

connects frontal lobe to all the other lobes; bidirectional 

arcuate fasiculus

Connects wernikies area to brocas area

ischemeic

lack of oxygen and or clotting to the brain

thrombotic

blockage in blood vessels to the brain

embolic 

blockage in blood vessesl in the body but travels to the brain 

transient

a mini stroke

What is the acronym for testing someone with a stroke

F.A.C.E

how do you prevent aneurysms

lower blood pressure and stop smoking

If you are sitting in the stands at a baseball game and the ball hits you, what kind of TBI is that?

impact based i

if you are in a car wreck, what kind of TBI is that

accelleration, decceleratiom

a concussion is a

mild TBI

spastic is the

most common form of CP

Brocas aphasia 

choppy, labored, non-fluent, but comprehensible 

wernickes aphasia

fluent speech with no meaning.

Spastic CP is due to damage in the

cerebral hemispheres

Dyskinetic CP is due to damage in. the

basal ganglia

ataxic CP is due to damage in the

cerebellum

You can take stroke meds within the first ___ hours for an ____

4, ischemic CVA