Chapter 8

Skeletal tissue

What is a joint

What is a joint

Sight where two or more bones meet

3 structural classes of joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Freely movable joint

Diarthroses

3 types of fibrous joints

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Synchodroses, symphyses

6 features of synovial joints

Articular capsule, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.

Bursae

Sacks lined with synovial membrane that contain synovial fluid

Tendon sheaths from bursae

They are wrapped completely around tendons and elongated

Function of articular cartilage

Protects ends of bones

How does synovial cavity reduce friction in joints

Small fluid filled expandable space

Purpose of reinforcing ligaments

To aid muscles that are weak on their own

3 types of reinforcing ligaments

Capsular, Extracapsular, intracapsular

3 factors that influence The stability of a synovial joint

Shape of surface, ligament number and location, and the muscle tone

4 ranges of motion in synovial joints

Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiracial

Nonaxial

Inter carpal joints glide in no particular plane

Uniaxial

Finger joints move along sagital plane

Biaxial

Wrist moves along corneal or sagital planes

Multiaxial

Humerus at shoulder joint can move at sagital or transverse planes

3 types of movement at synovial joints

Gliding, angular, rotation

Gliding

Sliding bones as flat surfaces across each other (wrist)

Angular

Increase or decrease angle of joint, flex ion extension, hyper extension, addiction abduction, circumdection (neck, vertebral column)

Rotation

Turning a bone along its longitudinal axis (Head neck lower limb radius ulna)

6 ways to classify synovial joints by shapes

Plane, hinge, pivot, condyler, saddle, ball-and-socket

What makes hip joint more stable than the shoulder

The shoulder is a freely movable joint, hip motion is limited by the deep socket

Why do cartilage and ligament tears heel so poorly

Lack of active blood flow

Treatment options for ligament and cartilage tears

Arthroscopic surgery

Bursitis

Inflammation of bursae, rest and ice inflammatory injections

Tendontis

Inflammation of the tendon sheets, rest ice inflammatory drugs

Arthritis

Inflammation of joint

Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

Normal wear and tear infects 100% of people over age 70 vs autoimmune and infects 1% of population