Final Exam

Bio

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction of bacterial/prokaryotic cells; production of genetically identical cells. Divided into three phases

Replication, Elongation, and Separation

What are the three phases of Binary fission?

Replication

bacterial DNA is copied and attached to the plasma membrane

Elongation

increase of cell size and content between the replicated DNA

Separation

bacterial cells split between replicated DNA

Bacterial Conjugation

sexual reproduction of bacterial cells; exchanging of plasmids (extra genetic info) between bacteria that are genetically different

Laws of thermo

_____ : defined properties and behavior of energy

potential energy

____ energy: stored energy

kinetic energy

_____ energy : energy of motion or movement

first law of thermo

_____ : energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermo

_____ : as energy changes forms the amount of useable energy decreases and heat increases

Primary structure

_____ : the amino acid linear order; "How the amino acids line up"

secondary structure

_____ : the bending and twisting of linear order; formed because of hydrogen bonding

tertiary structure

_____ : refers to the 3-D shape of proteins; most common structure

enzymes

_____ : a biological catalyst

catalyst

_____ : molecules that speed up chemical reactions

Tertiary

Enzymes are proteins in their ______ strructure

naturally/spontaneously

Enzymes only speed up chemical reactions that occur _________

No

Are enzymes used up in a chemical reaction?

substrates

binding of specific molecules called ______ to speed up the chemical reactions

specific

Enzyme-substrate binding is ________

activation energy

speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the _______ _______

active site

_____ : pocket on enzymes where substrates bind to speed up chemical reactions

allosteric regulation

_____ : enzyme is enhanced or suppressed by a small organic molecule presence

competitive inhibition

_____ : two or more molecules that are similar in structure compete for the same active site of an enzyme

Respiration

_____ : metabolic pathway that will harvest the energy stored in glucose under aerobic conditions

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy/heat

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

mitochondria

Where does respiration occur?

Endosymbiotic theory

This theory suggests that organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts within the eukaryotic cell same abut as the result of endosymbiosis between prokaryotic cells and a host cell (eukaryotic cell)

• own DNA

• own ribosomes

• own plasma membrane

• reproduce independently of cell

What are the pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

outer

_____ membrane of mitochondria: the outermost boundary of the mitochondria

inner

_____ membrane of mitochondria : inner most membrane of the mitochondria

cristae

_____ : folds and grooves of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

matrix

_____ : enzyme-filled space of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Glycolysis, fermentation, and the Krebs Cycle

What are the three reactions of respiration?

cytoplasm, not in the mitochondria

Where does Glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does fermentation occur?

in the mitochondria

where does the Krebs cycle occur?

2 molecules of pyruvate

What is the product of glycolysis?

alcohol or lactic acid

What is the product of fermentation?

ATP (energy)

What is the product of the Krebs cycle?

aeroibc

Kreb's cycle: aerobic or anarobic

anaerobic

fermentation: aerobic or anarobic

anaerobic

glycolysis: aerobic or anaerobic

anaerobic

______ : oxygen is not present

aerobic

____ : oxygen is present

Endocytosis

_____ : net movement of material from the outside to the inside of the cell

Phagocytosis

_____ : movement of large material to the inside of the cell

Receptor-mediated:

_____ : movement of specific material to the inside of the cell

Exocytosis

_____ : net movement of material from the inside to the outside of the cell

quaternary structure

_____ : refers to many 3D protein shapes

independent variable

_____ : object if interest, what is being tested in an experiment (what you think is the answer to your problem)

dependent variable

_____ : measurable outcome, results.

idea -> hypothesis -> theory -> law

What is the order from smallest to largest of scientific information?

1. every living thing will be made up of at least one cell

2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. Cells arise from preexisting cells

what are the three parts of cell theory?

Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic cells do

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

bacteria cells only.

What kind of cells are prokaryotic cells?

central dogma theory

______ :theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

Mitosis is asexual and occurs in body cells while Meiosis is sexual and occurs in egg/sperm cells.

What are the 2 main difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

1. substrate

2. active site

the _____ is often held in the ______ of an enzyme by hydrogen or Ionic bonds to speed up the chemical reactions.

the energy released from one reaction is used to drive the other reaction

Catabolic and Anabolic pathways are often couples reactions in a cell because:

1. proteins 2)Tertiary

Enzymes are _____ with characteristic _____ shapes.

exergonic reactions

_____ proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontanous

1. glycolysis

2. cytoplasm

3. pyruvate

______ occurring in the _____, breaks glucose into two molecules of _____.

1. glucose

2. carbon dioxide

3. energy

_____ + oxygen ---> _____ + water + _____

1. high

2. low

Muscel cells use lactic acid fermentation when energy demand is _____ and oxygen supply is _____