Studied by 2 people
Linguistics
the study of language
Phonology
the study of the sound system
Phonetics
the physical production and reception of sound
Lexis
the vocabulary of a language
Semantics
the meanings of words and expressions
Grammar
the structural aspects of language that tie language together
Syntax
the order of words
Morphology
the elements added to words to show their grammatical order
Pragmatics
assumptions made about what is meant from what is said or written
Graphology
all the visual aspects of textual design
Repertoire
the range of language form used by a speaker
Received Pronunciation (RP)
an accent traditionally associated with high social status
Prosody
the melody our voices create via rhythm and intonation
Paralanguage
the non-lexical component of communication by speech, for example intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial expression
Accent variation
the way accents vary between different speakers
Language acquisition
the development of language within an individual
New communication tools
forms of computer based or digital communication
Referent
the thing or person that is being referred to
Constructed dialogue
dialogue that is artificially created rather than occurring naturally
Synonyms
words that have a similar meaning
Connotations
the associations we have for a word or phrase
Style
a distinctive way of speaking or writing for different conexts
Register
a form of specialist language
Semantic field
a group of terms from the same domain
Morpheme
an element of meaning smaller than a word - “un-” “-ed” “-able”
Lingua franca
a common language between speakers
Euphemism
an indirect form of language that speakers use to avoid being offensive - “no longer with us” (dead)
Denotation
the literal meaning
Metaphor
a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things
Idiom
an expression that the overall meaning of does not depend on the literal meanings of the words it contains
Premodification
information added before the main item
Postmodification
information added after the main item
Cohesion
the way sentences join together to form a whole text
Conjunction
a word that joins elements together
Clause
grammatical units that can be main clauses or subordinate clauses
Pronoun
words that can stand in the place of nouns
Adverb
words that give more information about the verbs
Ellipsis
the omission of elements in a sentence or utterance - increase imagination or showcase informality of conversation
Utterance
a unit of spoken language
Minor sentence
a sentence without a main verb
Interlocutor
people engaging in a spoken interaction
Politeness
an aspect of pragmatics that refers to the cultural rules and regulates how social relationships are negotiated
Turntaking
the way participants take turns at talking
Reinforcement
a word or speech noise produced by a listener to encourage the speaker to continue - “right”, “mhm”, “no way”
Pre-closing
an item a speaker will produce to show that they want to close the conversation - “well i must go now”, “i have to go *action*”
Closing
items that conclude an interaction - “goodbye”, “see you later”
Vague completer
a way of completing an utterance that stops it from sounding too abrupt
Filler
a word or speech noise produced to create some thinking time
Monitoring feature
an element produced by the speaker to check the attention of the listener
False start
beginning an utterance then stopping and beginning it again
Identity
appearing as a certain kind of person or group member
Modal Verbs
verbs that accompany main verbs and express certainty, desirability, or obligation (would, could, should, etc) - hedges, or weakens, the certainty of a sentence
Modifiers
add information (adverbs and adjectives)
Emoji
a special type of emoticon - provide clarity
Audience construction
how audiences are constructed through the language chosen by the writer or speaker
Rhetorical question
a question asked for a persuasive effect and not requiring an answer
Possessive determiners
pronouns to help determine what a noun refers to
Active voice
the subject performs the verb, tends to reveal or emphasize the actor of the sentence, makes your writing more direct, clear, and engaging, as it emphasizes the doer of the action
Passive voice
the subject receives the action, tends to obscure or de-emphasize the actor, focus would be on the action or the object rather than the doer
Complex sentence
a sentence involving at least one main clause and a subordinate clause
Alliteration
repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words - creates emotive and engaging effect
Assonance
repetition of vowel sounds within words - creates rhythm
Colloquialism
informal language or slang
Hyperbole
exaggeration that creates emphasis or effect
Imagery
descriptive language that engages the senses and create relatability
Motif
a recurring theme or idea in a work - emphasize and reinforce the main ideas
Personification
giving human characteristics to non human objects or concepts - help readers connect with the parts of a story or poem that aren't the characters
Simile
a comparison using "like" or "as”
Preposition
a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location - provides clarity and further description
Homophones
words that sound the same but have different meanings or spellings - to amuse, mislead, or create several meanings
Compound sentences
a sentence consisting of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Pathos
an element to appeal to the audiences emotions - use of emotive language which may persuade the audience
Ethos
an element to appeal to the speakers or writers credibility and trustworthiness - a doctor advertising a medical product
Logos
an element to appeal to logical reasoning or facts - using statistics and data
Interrogatives
questions
Declaratives
statements
Imperatives
commands or instructions
Tag questions
a short clause added to statements to make them questions and confirm or provide clarity - “isnt she?” “did you?”
Exclamatory sentences
sentences that contain strong emotion
Note 
Flashcard (21)