SPORTS MED UNIT 2 NOTES

signs of inflammation

• red, hot, swollen, tender, loss

• redness

  • caused by dilation of arterioles & increased blood flow

• heat

  • incr chem activity & incr blood flow to skin surface

• swelling

  • caused by accumulation of blood & damaged tissue cells

• pain

  • direct injury of nerve fibers

  • pressure of hematoma on nerve endings

  • chem irritants - bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandid

• loss of function

  • decr muscle activation

  • slow reaction time

  • etc

3 phases of healing

1. acute inflammatory phase

   • red, hot, swollen, tender, loss ↑

2. proliferation/fibroblastic/repair/regeneration phase

   • several diff types of healing

3. remodeling/maturation phase

• previous phase has to be carried out before next phase

• histamine increases vascular permeability, causes pain, and causes an expansion of vascularity/vasodilation

phase 1 - acute inflammatory phase

• begins almost right away

• lasts approx 2-4 days

• goal is to protect (immune response against pathogens & dead/infectious tissue) (pain chemical mediators), localize, decrease injurious agents (white blood cells eat up pathogens), & prep for healing & repair (cleaning/organizing)

• vascular changes

  • vasoconstriction

    • immediately

    • decr blood flow

    • clot for 5-10 mins to control blood

    • localization

  • vasodilation

    • after vasoconstriction

    • caused by histamines

    • incr blood flow

• cellular changes

• protein presence

• neutralizes/destroys offending agents / restricts tissue damage to smallest possible tissue

phase 2 - proliferation phase

• repair/regeneration

• phase will extend from 48 hrs to 3-6 wks depending on degree of injury

• removes debris & temporary repair = scar formation (fibroplasia)

• dependent on levels of debris removal, skin cell production (long process), & production of fibroblasts

• repaired through 3 phases = resolution (clean slate), regeneration (tissue replaced), repair (scar tissue)

• foundational structure for cells to build on top of

phase 3 - remodeling phase

• usually begins around wk 3

• purpose is to incr strength of repaired/replaced tissues

• first 3-6 wks = laying down collagen & strengthening fibers

• balance must be maintained btwn synthesis & lysis

factors that impede healing

• extent of injury

• poor vascular supply

• edema

• separation of tissue

• health

• age - older=slower

• nutrition

• corticosteroids - drugs that stop pain by reducing inflammation but usually makes injury much worse

• alcohol

• what kind of stress is the body putting on the scar tissue?

• the balance of load & rest

healing process - ligament sprains

• ligaments connect bone to bone & make sure joints stay together

• provides stability

• three grades

  • grade 1 = stretching

  • grade 2 = partial tear

  • grade 3 = ligament pops

• mcl vs acl healing