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A review for AP Human Geograohy Unit 1-4. Perfect for cramming right before a semester exam!
Absolute Location
An exact place on Earth's surface. Typically, found using longitude and latitude.
Relative Location
Describes where a place is located in relation to another place.
Formal/Uniform Region
An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics including economic, social, political, and physical.
Functional/Nodal Region
Organized around a central node where the characteristic is strongly present, but weakens as you travel farther away from the central node.
Vernacular/Perceptual Region
Based on a person's perception of a certain location including their informal sense of place and cultural identity. Boundaries and definitions for the regions vary widely.
Site
The physical character and landscape of a place that could include things like the climate, water source, topography, soil, vegetation, longitude & latitude.
Situation
The location of a place in relation to other places. It helps when finding an unfamiliar place by using the location of a familiar place and it helps to understand its importance.
Density
The frequency of something in a given area.
Pattern
The geometric or irregular arrangement of things being studied in space.
Environmental Determinism
The belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development.
Possibilism
A view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays.
Scale
The relationship of a feature's size on a map to it's actual size on Earth
Map Projection
The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.
Thematic Maps
A map that shows spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon.
Cartogram Maps
a thematic map that shows the sizes of countries relative to specific statistics.
Dot Distribution Maps
A thematic map in which a dot shows the specific location and distribution of something across the map. The more highly concentrated the dots are means that the phenomenon occurs more often there.
Choropleth Maps
A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area. The darker the color, then the higher in value that area is.
Isoline Maps
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space.
Mental Map
Maps that people create in their minds of a certain place based on their experience and knowledge that evolve over time as new information is gained.
Distance Decay
The interaction between two places declines as the distance between the two places increase. Technology is making the impact of distance decay less impactful.
Latitude
Uses parallels to measure North and South of the Equator. Helps in determining the absolute location of places on Earth.
Longitude
Uses meridians to measure East and West of the prime meridian. Helps in determining the absolute location of places on Earth.
Prime Meridian
The central meridian that goes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. 0 degrees longitude.
International Date Line
Located at 180 degrees longitude. If you cross over it heading eastward to America you move your clock back 24 hours.
Cultural Ecology
The study of how humans adapt to the environment in order to survive in a given environment.
Toponym
The name of a place that usually reflects on the culture and history of that place.
Spatial Analysis
Considers the patterns and distributions of phenomenon across the surface of the Earth.
Distribution
The arrangement of a feature in space.
Time-Space Compression
The increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity which seems to bring humans in distant places closer together because of technology. The world seems smaller because of technology.
Human Geography
The study of where and why human activities are located where they are.
Processes
The repeated sequence of events, that create a pattern or patterns.
Sense of Place
A feeling that contribute specific factors to the uniqueness of a location.
Equator
An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. Located at 0 degrees latitude.
Cultural Landscape
Physical artifacts that shows human activity and culture on the landscape.
Reference Maps
Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
Place
The specific human and physical characteristics of a location.
Topographic Map
A type of isoline map that depicts variations of elevations. Typically used by hikers.
Population Distribution
The spread of people across the earth showing the pattern of human settlement.
Social Stratification
Population distribution which refers to the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, ethnicity, or religion.
Arithmetic Population Density
The average number of people in an overall area. Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total land area. To show population density.
Physiological Population Density
A population density that measures the population by the amount of arable land. Useful in determining a regions carrying capacity.
Arable
Land suitable for growing crops. Used to calculate physiological and agricultural population densities.
Carrying Capacity
The population an area can support without significant environmental deterioration.
Agricultural Density
A type of population density that compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land. Shows the efficiency of the regions farmers.
Overpopulation
When a region has more people than it can support. Region has exceeded its carrying capacity.
Population Pyramid
A visual representation of age and gender data. Provides other various information about people's life like life expectancy, death rate, birth rate, and more.
Baby Boom
The increase in birth rates following a time of hostility
Dependency Ratio
A value comparing the working to the nonworking parts of the population
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births per year for each 1,000 people in the population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children who would be born per woman of ages 15-49 in a country
Anti-Natalist Policies
Programs to decrease the number of births in order to control overpopulation
Pro-Natalist Policies
Programs designed to increase the fertility rate in a country
Life Expectancy
Number of years the average person will live which is higher in more-developed countries than in less-developed countries
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The number of children who die before their first birthday for every 1,000 live births
Demographic Transition Model
Shows the five typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize from an agrarian to an industrial society
Epidemiological Transition Model
Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop. These stages correspond with the stages of the demographic transition model
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The rate of deaths in an area that is measured per 1,000 people
Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)
The percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration
Immigration
The movement of individuals into the country
Emmigration
The movement of individuals out of a country
Malthusian Theory
The theory about population growth in which Malthus predicted that food production would increase arithmetically, or by the same amount each generation which would eventually lead to starvation
Neo-Malthusians
People who have modernized Malthus's theory, and now argue that global overpopulation is a serious problem and an even greater threat for the future by depleting nonrenewable resources.
Migration
The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Voluntary Migration
A movement made by choice away from someplace and towards a different place
Push Factors
Negative circumstances, events, or conditions that drive people away from an area
Pull Factors
Positive conditions and circumstances that attract people to live in a certain area
Asylum
Protection given by a country from the danger that political migrants faced in their home country
Intervening Obstacles
Barriers that migrants face that make reaching their desired destination more difficult which could be economic, social, political, or environmental
Step Migration
A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
Counter Migration
Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
Forced Migration
A type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate across international borders from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
Chain Migration
Migration of people to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously
Xenophobia
A strong dislike of people who practice another culture which is reflected in some policies to restrict immigration
Brain Drain
Migration out of a country made up of many highly skilled people
Culture
A force, either visible or invisible, of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects seen through their decisions, possessions, and influence on the landscape as well as their belief systems.
Folk Culture
The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change
Culture Hearth
The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops
Cultural Landscape
The visible reflection of a culture on the built environment
Popular Culture
Various aspects of culture that starts in urban areas and diffuse quickly through the media, particularly the Internet, and are quickly adopted globally
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of cultural traits through direct or indirect exchange without migration
Contagious Diffusion
Occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance to rural or poor areas
Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion
A trait diffuses from a lower class to a higher class
Acculturation
An ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts values and practices of the place they moved to while still maintaining major elements of their own culture
Assimilation
An ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the majority group. Typically, the religion is the one constant factor.
Nativist
A person who opposes immigration. They are anti-immigrants. They have xenophobic attitudes towards immigrant or minority groups
Taboo
Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture
Dialect
A regional variation of a language including accent, grammar, usage, and spelling
Isogloss
The boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage
Lingua Franca
A common language used by people who do not share the same native language
Creole Language
A language that is created by combining languages
Pidgin Language
A simplified mixture of several languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary
Ethnicity
Membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences
Nationality
Describes people's connection to a particular country
Theocracies
Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws
Neolocalism
The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
Monotheistic
Believing in one God
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