Ogra Module 6-8 ap psych (6 is at the end sorry :{ )

institutional review boards (IRB)

panels of at least 5 people who screen the research

The Need for Statistics

the tools that allow researcher to interpret results of data

Descriptive Statistics

central tendencies. Numerical data that describes characteristics of info

Use of Histogram

bar graphs used to visually display stats

Two types of descriptive statics

Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of Variation

Measures of Central Tendency

single score meant to represent a lot

modest

: most frequently seen

Ethical Guidelines for animal research

1. Minimize discomfort
2. Institutional review board

ethical guidelines for human research

i. Informed consent: cannot trick you it is illegal
ii. Protection from harm: can't be harmed without consent or knowledge or intent
iii. Information kept confidential: can't give out info
iv. Fully debriefed: at the end they must fully debrief what they did, explain everything.

is deception necessary sometimes in experiments?

yes

Mean

Average (add up all numbers then divide by the number of numbers) skewed the most by outliers

median

Middle number

percentile rank

the percentage of scores below a specific score in a distribution of scores

skewed distribution

when data is being impacted by outliers (outliers are data that differs significantly from the majority)

no skews

symmetric!

positive skews

long tail on the left side, peaks in the left

negative skews

long tail on the right side, peaks on the right

outliers

numbers that differ significantly from the majority

bimodal distribution

2 modes, a distribution of scores with 2 modes/2 peaks, two high points.

Correlational Studies:

research that determines the extent two variables impact the other

Correlate:

( how much youre at school and gpa)

Variables:

anything that can be changed or varied) how do the two variables correlate. (not being manipulated just studied

scatterplots

graph that visually shows how two variables correlate.

types of correlation

positive, negative, none

positive

slope up

negative

slope down

none

none of the dots are clustered together in a slope

correlation coefficient

a. the number that shows the strength of the relationship between two variables

r value

shown as values between -1 to 1, +.8 or -.8 (never +1.2 or -1.2

Correlation strength

I. the closer to 1 the stronger the relationship exists between the two variables.

high correlation

closer to one

low correlation

far away from one

regression to the mean

I. : mean = average (all info divide it in half) (an athlete has an amazing game. In following games, the athlete returns to normal performance) (a students scores much lower than normal on a test. On future tests the student's scores return to their average)

CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION

IT ONLY SHOWS THE IS IT CANNOT SHOW THE WHY. THERE MAY BE A THIRD FACTOR. CONFOUNDING FACTOR!!!!

experimentation

I. research method when a researcher manipulates variables to observe the outcome

scientific method

step by step procedure used when conducting scientific research

experimental group v control group

ex: experimented on
cont: left alone

random assignment

I. randomly assigning the participants to the experimental or control group. Helps prevent confounding variables

placebo effect

behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active ingredient

placebo

a. harmless medicine or procedure, has 0 effect

procedures used in experiments

single and double blind

single blind

a. the participants are ignorant about who received treatment or procedure

double blind

a. no one in this procedure knows who got the treatment or placebo

independent v dependent variables

in: manipulated
de: studied

confounding variables

I. unacounted for or 3rd variable that may influence the results of the study. Random assignment is used to prevent this

validity v reliability

test measures what it should v. same scores on a retest