LEP Chapter 21

What were the three goals of the Progressives?

get rid of corruption

lessen power of trusts

bring reform

The two major Progressive presidents

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson

What did Progressives believe the government should do?

be active

The early Progressives

William Jennings Bryan, Billy Sunday, Walter Raushen Busch

Muckraker

a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's (Rockefeller's) abuse of power

Lincoln Steffens

Exposed the political corruption in many American cities

George Kibbe Turner

Exposed the growing prevalence of prostitution and family disintegration in urban America

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Realism

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

How did newspapers aid the Progressive movement?

they were affordable and had the exposés

Settlement Houses (Hull House)

Founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gales Starr in Chicago. Opened to assist recently arrived European immigrants and americanize them

Florence Kelley

Illinois Chief Factory inspector; advocate for child labor laws and the 8 hour work day

Why did Jane Addams and other progressive women reject "New Woman"?

they thought it would lead to the rise of prostitution among the poor

Why did prohibition become a progressive reform?

people were being immoral while drunk (abusing wives and children, etc)

Why were saloons important in immigrant life?

they provided food, meetings, and community

Immigrants were less interested in prohibition because______________

they relied on saloons

What did women's clubs focus on?

improving schools, building playgrounds and libraries, and more opportunities for women

Why did black women's clubs become more active in the community?

black men could not vote

Socialists wanted government ownership and operation economic institutions because_________

they wanted power to be away from the wealthy

When was the Socialist party created?

1901

Where was the Socialist party the strongest?

the north

Who was the unifying force of the Socialists?

Eugene V Debs

Municipal

relating to a city, town, village, or the like with local self-government

Who was the initial target of municipal reform?

Private transportation companies

How did privately owned companies cheat the public?

they charged high prices and bribed city officials

What cities led in municipal reform?

Galveston, TX

Sumter, SC

Dayton, OH

City Commission System

5 city commissioners were in charge of a city, and each controlled a different part

What were the problems with the City Commision System?

commissioners gave supporters jobs or contracts

commissioners abused their power

citizens (especially poorer ones) felt like they were losing influence

What did the Progressives hope to achieve by undermining the party bosses' power?

They wanted to return power to the people

direct primary

Election in which voters choose party nominees.

17th Amendment (1913)

Established that senators were to be elected directly by voters

Initiative

process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Australian ballot

A secret ballot printed by the state.

Personal registration laws

These laws (passed between 1890 and 1920) allowed prospective voters to register to vote only if they appeared at a designated gov't office with proper identification. Also mandated a certain period of residence in the state before registration and a certain interval between registration and voting.

Personal registration laws Problems

those who worked did not have time to register to vote

What restrictions were placed on voting by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization? Why were they supported by Progressives?

Non-citizens could not vote; "the right to vote is big responsibility"

What registrictsion in the South were put in to prevent blacks from voting?

Literacy test, property requirements, poll taxes

Which election year was the most participation lost?

1912

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; led by Jane Addams, John Dewey, and WEB Du Bois; wanted black equality

How was the progressive view of women voters different from earlier generations?

They were viewed as more compassionate than men

Who formed the radical National Women's Party?

Alice Paul

What did the NWP do?

picketed at the white house and go on hunger strikes

19th Amendment (1920)

Women gain the right to vote

In which state did progressive reforms flourish the most? Who led?

Wisconsin; Robert La Follette

What Progressive reforms were passed in Wisconsin?

regulation of railroads

income tax

injury compensation

less work hours

child labor restrictions

minimum wage for women

Who led the reform movement in New York?

Alfred E Smith, Robert F Wagner, Louis Brandeis

Which civil rights leaders disagreed with Booker T Washington

Ida B Wells and WEB Du Bois

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality: the right to vote, no segregation, and no discriminatory barriers.

1908 Springfield riot

Event that led to the formation of the NAACP

grandfather clause

a clause that extended the right vote to poor whites who couldn't pay a poll tax or pass a literacy test

Why couldn't the NAACP make more progress?

They were not large enough

They were considered radical because they were interracial

What Progressive problems needed national solutions?

corporation regulation

Women's suffrage

Black rights

Theodore Roosevelt's Background

Became VP because the Republicans wanted to groom him for national leadership

Was New York's governor

Was sick, nearsighted, and had asthma as a child

Trustbusting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Who was Roosevelt's first target for trust busting?

Northern Securities Company

What was Roosevelt's approach to trust busting?

He didn't want to completely get rid of corporations

What change in the federal government was necessary to supported Roosevelt's philosophy?

Roosevelt would have to expand the government's power and it needed a forceful leader to get it to work the way he needed it to.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Hepburn Act (1906)

It imposed stricter control over railroads and expanded powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, including giving the ICC the power to set maximum rates.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

law that regulated the food and patent medicine industries

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

What was Roosevelt's view on conservation?

He wanted to preserve the land for recreational purposes

National Forest Service

Government agency created by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve land and protect local animal species.

Why did large corporations welcome government regulation?

it got rid of their competition

__________________ caused additional problems between Roosevelt and the Old Guard

the Panic of 1907

Old Guard

one of the major factions in the republican party; challenged the progressives

the panic of 1907

A financial crisis that happened when the New York Stock Exchange crashed. JP Morgan bought out all of America to keep the economy from completely crashing.

Who was Roosevelt's successor?

William Howard Taft

How was Taft different from Roosevelt?

he had little experience

was cautious

he seemed to side with corporations

What was the first issue of Taft's presidency?

tariffs

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. It barely reduced tariffs.

Why was Pinchot fired by Taft?

He accused Richard Ballinger of siding with corporations by opening up federally protected land to private commercial use.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored protection of welfare over property rights

Why did Roosevelt create the Progressive party?

He was angry with Taft's policies because Taft was more cautious about reforms. Roosevelt believed in stricter controls of businesses.

What was the Progressive party's nickname?

Bull Moose Party

Wilson's background

Born in Virginia and raised Presbyterian

President of Princeton

Governor of New Jersey

Why did Wilson win the election of 1912?

The republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt

New Freedom

The government would temporarily concentrate on dismantling trusts, then dial back the power when that was accomplished.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913

Significantly lowered tariff rates and re established a federal income tax

16th Amendment (1913)

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

Established the Federal Trade Commission to monitor business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling

Kern-McGillicuddy Act (1916)

Workers' compensation for federal employees

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

Prohibited interstate commerce of goods made by children

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public