Chapter 2 - Volcanoes

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Cyclone book, junior cert/ junior cycle

Geography

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24 Terms

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Volcanologist - definition

Scientists that studies volcanoes

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Mid ocean ridge - definition

When plates separate, lava pours out and builds up along cracks on earth’s surface forming a ridge

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Vent - definition

Small hole lava violently forces through, forming volcanic mountain

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Lava - definition

Magma reaching the surface and cools and hardens

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How are volcanic mountains formed

  1. 2 plates separate or collide, magma rises from mantle to fill space that opens up in crust (vent). Causes eruption that can be violent due to great pressure of magma in mantle

  2. Magma wells up from magma chamber and reaches surface. Cools and hardens to form lava

  3. After many eruptions, layers of ash and lava build up and forms vent. Cone shaped mountain forms with crater on top where lava flows

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Active volcano - time period

Eruption within last 10000 years

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Active volcano - example

Mount St Helens, North America

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Dormant volcano - time period

Not erupted within 10000 but expected to erupt again

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Dormant volcano - example

Kilimanjaro - Tanzania

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Extinct - time period

Never expected to erupt again

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Extinct volcano - example

Mount Kenya, Kenya

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Mid ocean ridge- example

Mid Atlantic ridge - Eurasian and North American plates separating

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How are volcanic island formed

Submarine volcanoes and mountains build up and rise above sea level

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Volcanic island - example

Iceland

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Pacific Ring of Fire - definition

Horseshoe shaped area containing many plate boundaries. Contains 75% active volcanoes, 90% earthquakes occur

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Date - E15

14 April 2010

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E15 eruption description

Violent and explosive. Very little lava. Huge amounts ash sent kilometers high. Winds blew ash south eastwards towards Europe

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E15 - VEI scale

3-4

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VEI - meaning

Volcanic explosivity index, measures eruptions from 0-8 (weakest-strongest)

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E15 - positive social impacts

Reduce unemployment: tourism because eruption created jobs

Increased tourism and unemployment: promo campaign led to big increase foreign tourists. Less than 500000 in 2008. 1.8 million in 2016

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E15 - Positive economic impacts

Generated income for local community: E15 visitor centre built as tourist attraction

Fertile soil: Ash and lava rich in nutrients, soil in volcanic areas fertile and good for agriculture

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E15 - negative social impacts

Contaminated water supply: Ash polluted local water. Animals couldn’t drink from streams

Evacuation of locals: 500 farmers and locals had to leave home. Wore masks to avoid choking on ash

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E15 - negative economic impacts

Cancelled flights: 100000 flights to and from Europe cancelled because poor visibility and fear tiny ash would clog airplane engines. Cost airlines and businesses €145 million day

Loss of earnings: Counties, e.g. Kenya, that sell perishables affected. Flight ban meant produce transported quickly by plane not sold. Million flower stalks unsold in first 2 days