gen chem 1 exam 3

what is the pauli exclusion principle?

no two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

what is the Aufbau principle?

electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first

what does Pauli's exclusion principle say about electron configuration?

both electrons per group cannot both go one direction

what is Hund's rule?

each degenerate orbital gets one electron before pairing electrons

what is the atomic radius trend?

francium is fat, fluorine is fit. (decreases from left to right, increases from top to bottom)

what is the ionization energy trend?

fluorine fights, francium folds. (increases from left to right, decreases from top to bottom)

what are the exceptions for ionization energy?

2 is stronger than 3, 5 is stronger than 6

what are the electron affinity trends?

fluorine's desperate, francium's done(increases from left to right, decreases from top to bottom)

what are the exceptions to the electron affinity trends?

1 is higher than 2, 4 is higher than 5

what groups have unfavorable affinity?

2 and 18

how do you calculate outer and valence electrons in main group elements?

= group #

how do you calculate outer and valence electrons in transition metals?

outer is highest orbital (s), valence is s and d

how do you calculate the effective nuclear charge (Zeff)?

# of protons (atomic #) - inner electrons

what is the effective nuclear charge?

the charge felt by electrons from the nucleus

what is heisenberg's uncertainty principle?

it is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle

what does the balmer series represent?

final state n=2 (visible spectrum)

what does the lyman series represent?

final state n=1 (ultraviolet spectrum)

what does the paschan series represent?

final state n=3 (infared spectrum)

what wavelengths do the 3 electronic tranitions (balmer, lyman, paschan) release?

UV visible and IR, respectively

longest wavelength =

smallest difference in energy levels (n)

shortest wavelength =

biggest difference in energy levels (n)

release a photon of energy

n(i) > n(f)

what difference of electronegativity is nonpolar covalent?

less than or equal to 0.4

what difference of electronegativity is polar covalent?

0.5-1.9

what difference of electronegativity is ionic?

>1.9

high frequency =

short wavelength

low frequency =

long wavelength

linear

ax2, ax2e3, ax2e4

trigonal planar

ax3

bent or angular

ax2e1, ax2e2

tetrahedral

ax4

trigonal pyramidal

ax3e1

trigonal bypyramidal

ax5

seesaw

ax4e1

t-shape

ax3e2, ax3e3

octahedral

ax6

square pyramidal

ax5e1

square planar

ax4e2

linear angle

180

trigonal planar angle

120

bent w one lone pair angle

<120

tetrahedral angle

109.5

trigonal pyramidal angle

<109

bent w 2 lone pair angle

<<109

trigonal bipyramidal angle

90, 120

seesaw angle

<90, <120

t-shape 2 lone pair angle

<90

octahedral angle

90

square pyramidal angle

90, <90

square planar angle

90

t-shape 3 lone pair angle

<90