pe movement analysis

what are the four parts of a lever system

lever arms, fulcrum, effort, load

what are lever arms

bones

what are fulcrums

joints

what is the effort

the origin of muscles that move the load

what is the load

the weight of the body parts being moved or forces needing to be pushed/pulled/hit etc

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FLE

What is a first class lever?

where the fulcrum occurs between the effort and the load

what is one practical example of a first class lever?

when heading a ball in football, the fulcrum is the neck, the effort is the trapezius, and the load is the head and the ball

what is another practical example of a first class lever

in elbow extension, the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is the triceps, and the load is the hands and the ball

What is a second class lever?

where the load occurs between the fulcrum and the effort

What is an example of a second class lever?

when taking off a lay up in basketball, the fulcrum is the ankle, the load is the bodyweight, and the effort is the gastrocnemius

what will always be the effort in a second class lever?

gastrocnemius

What is a third class lever?

where the effort occurs between the fulcrum and the load

What is an example of a third class lever?

when shooting a basketball, flexion at the elbow joint is where the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is the bicep, and the load are the hands and ball

what is another example?

in flexion at the knee, the fulcrum is the knee, the effort is the hamstring, and the load is the foot and the lower leg

what is another practical example for third class levers?

in extension at the knee, the fulcrum is the knee, the effort is the quadriceps, and the load is the foot and the ball

what is the resistance arm

the distance between the fulcrum and the load

what is the effort arm

the distance between the fulcrum and the effort

the greater the effort arm…

the more force is produced

the greater the load arm…

the faster the movement

What is mechanical advantage?

the ability to move a large load with minimal or small effort

What is the equation for mechanical advantage?

load/effort (N)

do first class levers have mechanical adavantage?

only if the fulcrum is nearer the load than the effort

what lever system always have mechanical advantage

second class

do third class levers have mechanical advantage?

they have mechanical disadvantage

how does using bats, ores and sticks increase the mechanical advantage

the body's lever systems can be made more effective by using rackets, ores, paddles, sticks, and bats. this is because it makes the effort arm longer

explain how lever systems have mechanical advantage (2)

lever systems can have a mechanical advantage because they allow a large load to be moved with a smaller effort. this is achieved when the effort arm is longer than the load arm

what is the sagittal plane?

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left. eg running, bicep curls, sit ups - FLEXION AND EXTENSION

What is the frontal plane?

a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back. eg star jumps, leg action of a breast stroke - ADDUCTION AND ABDUCTION IN THE ARMS AND LEGS

What is the transverse plane?

a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves. eg discus throw, bowling - CIRCUMDUCTION AND ROTATION IN ARMS AND SHOULDERS

what are axes of rotation?

axes are like invisible skewers running through the body, and all movements rotate around one

What is the longitudinal axis?

runs through the body vertically, top-bottom. eg pirouette, axes jump, discus throw rotation

What is the transverse axis?

runs through the body horizontally, left-right. eg somersault in diving, pedalling a bike, forward roll

What is the frontal axis?

runs through the body horizontally, back-front. eg cartwheel

which plane and axis pair up to divide the body into left and right

sagittal plane and transverse axis

which plane and axis pair up to divide the body into front and back

frontal plane and frontal axis

which plane and axis pair up to divide the body into top and bottom

transverse plane and longitudinal axis