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Wavelength
Distance between two points on a wave. The unit of measurement is METERS (but can be measured in cm and nm)
Frequency
Number of complete waves that pass a point each second. The unit of measurement is Hz (1/s)/
Speed of light = wavelength x frequency
c = λv
Inverse
Frequency and wavelength are what proportion?
Long wavelength
Low energy and frequency gives what type of wavelength?
Short Wavelegth
High energy and frequency gives what type of wavelength?
Speed of light constant
3.00 x 10^8 m/s
Wavelength and frequency
Each type of energy has a different what?
Energy = Planck's constant x frequency
E = hv
Planck's constant
6.626 x 10^-34 J/s
Photoelectric effect
When light shines on a metal surface causes the electrons to be ejected from the metal.
Photons
Einstein said that light travels in energy packets or what?
Planck's theory
Energy absorbed/released from atoms in certain minimum amounts (quanta). This is assumed.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Continuous Spectrum
Spectrums from light containing all wavelengths.
Line Spectrum
A spectrum containing radiation of only specific wavelengths.
Ground state
The lowest energy state of an atom (n=1)
Excited state
When the electron is in a higher energy level.
Orbitals
The allowed wave functions of the hydrogen atom.
Electron configuration
A simple way of writing down the locations of all of the electrons in an atom. It describes the distance, energy, and size of orbitals.
Principal quantum number (n)
Represents the distance from the nucleus. Energy levels. (1-7)
Angular quantum number (l)
Represents the shape of the orbital. Sublevels. (0=s, 1=p, 2=d, 3=f).
Magnetic quantum number (ml)
Represents the orientation in space. Axis orientation. (-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3)
Spin quantum number (Ms)
Represents the electron spin. Arrow direction. (+1/2 or -1/2).
Aufbau Principle
Electrons fill the orbitals in order of increasing energy.
Spinning change.
What produces a magnetic field?
Diamagnetic
Occurs when all e- are paired.
Paramagnetic
Has one or more unpaired e-.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Two electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spins.
Hund's Rule
Single electrons with the same spin will occupy each orbital with equal energy before pairing.
Orbital Notation
This image represents?
Electron Configuration
This image represents?
Noble Gas Notation
This image represents?
Dimitri Mendeleev
The first scientist to create a periodic table of the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
Henry Mosley
Rearranged the periodic table to be in order of increasing atomic number.
Periodic Law
When arranged by increasing atomic number, the chemical elements display a regular and repeating pattern of chemical and physical properties.
Nanometer (nm)
10^-9
Megameter (Mm)
10^6
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
It is impossible for us to simultaneously know both the exact momentum and location. It can only discuss the probability of an electron's position in space.
Higher energy
Lower energy further from nucleus equals what?
De Brogile
Suggested that electrons could behave as waves with a characteristic wavelength.
Effective nuclear charge
The attractive force felt from the nucleus by electrons It depends on the distance from the nucleus and the number of inner electrons. (Result of Coulomb's law)
Down a group
Increase of shielding occurs ONLY when?
Shielding effect
The decrease in attraction between an electron and the nucleus of an atom.
-Atomic radius increases.
-Ionization Energy decreases.
-Electronegativity decreases.
-Zeff (effective nuclear charge) decreases.
-Harder to remove electrons.
Atomic Radius
Half the distance between the nuclei in covalently bonded atoms.
-Decreases left to right
-Increases downward.
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove electrons.
-Increases left to right.
-Decreases downward.
Electronegativity
Measure of an atom's bond to another atom.
-Increases left to right.
-Decreases downward.
Electron Affinity
The energy change that results in the addition of electrons
-Increases left to right.
-Decreases downward.
The force of attraction of the nucleus is greater than the ground state.
Why is there a huge jump between n=1 and n=2?
Isoelectronic
When a group of ions have the same number of electrons.
Metallic charcter
An element that has the physical and chemical properties of metals.
-Decreases left to right.
-Increases downward.
The attraction of an extra proton.
The distance from the S to P orbital out weighs what?
Repulsion of paired electrons.
As the e- moves to enter an orbital already having 1e- they
pair with opposite spins so the IE drops.
-Outweighs the increased attraction from the nucleus so less energy to remove the e-.
Electron givers
The most reactive metals are the largest since they are the best what?
Electron takers
The most reactive nonmetals are the smallest ones, the best what?
Paramagnetism
The magnetic state of an atom with one or more unpaired electrons.
Diamagnetism
The magnetic state of an atom with paired electrons with no magnetic attraction.
Coulomb’s Law
The strength of the interaction between two electrical charges depends on the magnitudes of the charges and on the distance between them.