Chapter 9 Nervous System

Flashcards: Brain

1. Q: What are the four major parts of the brain?
   A: Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum.

2. Q: What is the function of the cerebrum?
   A: Higher mental functions, sensory and motor processing.

3. Q: What does the hypothalamus regulate?
   A: Homeostasis, including heart rate, body temperature, hunger, and sleep.

4. Q: What does the cerebellum do?
   A: Coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture.

5. Q: What is the function of the brainstem?
   A: Regulates visceral activities and connects the brain to the spinal cord.

6. Q: What are gyri, sulci, and fissures?
   A: Gyri are ridges, sulci are shallow grooves, and fissures are deep grooves in the brain.

7. Q: What is the corpus callosum?
   A: A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

Flashcards: Spinal Cord

1. Q: How many segments does the spinal cord have?
   A: 31 segments, each connected to a pair of spinal nerves.

2. Q: What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord, and what do they serve?
   A: Cervical (upper limbs) and lumbar (lower limbs) enlargements.

3. Q: What is the cauda equina?
   A: A bundle of spinal nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord.

4. Q: What is the central canal?
   A: A cerebrospinal fluid-filled space in the spinal cord's center.

5. Q: What are the functions of the spinal cord?
   A: Transmits impulses to/from the brain and houses reflex arcs.

Flashcards: Ventricles and CSF

1. Q: How many ventricles are in the brain?
   A: Four (two lateral, third, and fourth).

2. Q: What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and where is it produced?
   A: A protective, nutritive fluid produced by the choroid plexuses.

3. Q: What is the pathway of CSF flow?
   A: Lateral ventricles → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → central canal or subarachnoid space.

4. Q: What are the main functions of CSF?
   A: Cushioning the brain and spinal cord, and transporting nutrients and waste.

Flashcards: Plexuses

1. Q: What is a nerve plexus?
   A: A network of nerves formed by the anterior branches of spinal nerves.

2. Q: What does the cervical plexus control?
   A: Muscles and skin of the neck; includes the phrenic nerve for the diaphragm.

3. Q: What does the brachial plexus control?
   A: Muscles and skin of the arms, forearms, and hands.

4. Q: What does the lumbosacral plexus control?
   A: Muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, legs, and pelvic area.

Flashcards: Neurons and Synapses

1. Q: What are the three structural types of neurons?
   A: Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar.

2. Q: What are the functional classifications of neurons?
   A: Sensory (afferent), interneurons, and motor (efferent).

3. Q: What is a synapse?
   A: A junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

4. Q: What are neurotransmitters, and where are they stored?
   A: Chemical messengers stored in synaptic vesicles.

5. Q: What is the all-or-none principle of action potentials?
   A: An action potential occurs fully if the threshold is reached or not at all.

Flashcards: Reflexes

1. Q: What are the components of a reflex arc?
   A: Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.

2. Q: What is the difference between a withdrawal reflex and a knee-jerk reflex?
   A: A withdrawal reflex is a protective response involving interneurons, while a knee-jerk reflex is a simple two-neuron pathway.

Flashcards: Meninges

1. Q: What are the three layers of meninges?
   A: Dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (inner).

2. Q: What is the subarachnoid space, and what does it contain?
   A: The space between the arachnoid and pia mater, containing CSF.

Flashcards: Impulse Conduction

1. Q: What is saltatory conduction?
   A: Impulse conduction in myelinated axons where the signal "jumps" between nodes of Ranvier.

2. Q: What is the refractory period?
   A: The time during which a neuron cannot generate another action potential.

Flashcards: Autonomic Nervous System

1. Q: What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
   A: Sympathetic (stress response) and parasympathetic (restful state).

2. Q: What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
   A: Acetylcholine.

3. Q: What neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
   A: Norepinephrine.

1. Sensory Areas: Process sensations from the body.

   • Cutaneous senses: Parietal lobe (anterior region).

   • Visual area: Occipital lobe (posterior region).

   • Auditory area: Temporal lobe (posterior region).

   • Taste: Insula and base of the central sulcus.

   • Smell: Deep in the temporal lobe.

2. Association Areas: Analyze, interpret, and integrate information.

   • Frontal lobe: Planning, problem-solving, and reasoning.

   • Parietal lobe: Understanding speech and selecting words.

   • Occipital lobe: Combining visual data with other senses.

   • General interpretive area: Junction of parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes for complex thought.

3. Motor Areas: Control voluntary movements.

   • Primary motor areas: Frontal lobe (anterior to central sulcus).

   • Broca’s area: Speech muscles (left frontal lobe).

   • Frontal eye field: Voluntary eye movements.

Memorization Tricks:

1. Acronym for Sensory Areas: "Can Victor Act Tasty & Smelly?"

• Cutaneous senses: Parietal lobe.

• Visual: Occipital lobe.

• Auditory: Temporal lobe.

• Taste: Insula and central sulcus.

• Smell: Temporal lobe (deep).

2. Story for Association Areas:

Imagine a CEO running a brain company:

• Frontal lobe: The CEO planning and solving problems.

• Parietal lobe: The speechwriter selecting words.

• Occipital lobe: The graphic designer combining visuals.

• General interpretive area: The team meeting for complex brainstorming.

3. Locations for Motor Areas (Mnemonic):

• Primary motor area: Front runners control movements.

• Broca’s area: Think "Broca = Broadcast speech."

• Frontal eye field: "Eyes in the front" for voluntary gaze.

Phrase to Connect It All:

"My Smart Brain Functions Perfectly."

• Motor, Sensory, Broca, Frontal Eye Field, Parietal Integration.

Let me know if you'd like more tips or clarification!

1. You said:

   make flashcards with questions and answers as well as key concepts or terms and their definition from the whole slideshow

2. ChatGPT said:

   Here’s a set of flashcards based on the content from the uploaded slideshow. The cards are divided into questions and answers as well as key concepts and definitions to cover the entire presentation.

   ---

   Flashcards: Questions and Answers

   1. Q: What are the three general functions of the nervous system?
      A: Sensory, integrative, and motor.

   2. Q: What is the role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
      A: They support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

   3. Q: What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
      A: The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

   4. Q: What is the difference between sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons?
      A: Sensory neurons carry impulses to the CNS; motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.

   5. Q: What is the function of the myelin sheath?
      A: To increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

   6. Q: What occurs during depolarization of a neuron?
      A: Sodium (Na⁺) ions rush into the cell, making the inside less negative.

   7. Q: What is the function of the thalamus?
      A: It sorts and directs sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

   8. Q: What are the four lobes of the cerebrum and their primary functions?
      A: Frontal (higher thinking/movement), parietal (sensory processing), occipital (vision), temporal (hearing/memory).

   9. Q: What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
      A: Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest).

   10. Q: What is a reflex arc?
       A: The simplest neural pathway involving sensory, interneuron, and motor components.

   ---

   Flashcards: Key Concepts and Definitions

   1. Neuron:
      A nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses for communication.

   2. Neurotransmitter:
      Chemical messengers that transfer signals across a synapse.

   3. Resting Potential:
      The charge difference across a neuron’s membrane at rest, typically -70 mV.

   4. Action Potential:
      A rapid change in electrical charge that travels along a neuron.

   5. Synapse:
      The junction where impulses pass from one neuron to another.

   6. Facilitation:
      Increased release of neurotransmitter, making the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire.

   7. Convergence:
      Multiple neurons sending impulses to a single neuron.

   8. Divergence:
      A single neuron sending impulses to multiple neurons.

   9. Myelin Sheath:
      A fatty insulating layer that speeds up impulse conduction.

   10. Cerebral Cortex:
       The outer layer of the cerebrum involved in higher brain functions.

   11. Thalamus:
       Part of the diencephalon; directs sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.

   12. Hypothalamus:
       Regulates homeostasis, including temperature, hunger, and the endocrine system.

   13. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia):
       Gray matter regions in the cerebrum that help control voluntary movement.

   14. Reflex Arc:
       A neural pathway controlling automatic responses to stimuli.

   15. Sympathetic Division:
       Prepares the body for stress-related activities (fight or flight).

   16. Parasympathetic Division:
       Promotes rest and digestion.

   17. Cerebellum:
       Coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture.

   18. Saltatory Conduction:
       Impulse conduction that "jumps" between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons.

   19. Ependymal Cells:
       CNS neuroglia that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

   20. Schwann Cells:
       PNS neuroglia that produce the myelin sheath.