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Data Communications
The process of sharing information (data) between two devices over a physical connection.
What are the four key characteristics of data communications?
Delivery, Accuracy, Timeliness, Jitter.
What is Delivery, as a characteristic of data communications?
Data must reach the correct destination (only the intended device/user).
What is Accuracy, as a characteristic of data communications?
Data must be sent without errors; any change during transmission can make it unusable.
What is Timeliness, as a characteristic of data communications?
Data needs to arrive on time; delays can render it useless.
What is Jitter, as a characteristic of data communications?
Variation in packet arrival times that can cause uneven quality.
Main Components of a Data Communications System
Message, Sender, Receiver, Transmission Medium, Protocol.
What is Message, as a component of a Data Communication System?
The actual data (text, numbers, images, audio, video) being communicated.
What is Sender, as a component of a Data Communication System?
The device that sends the data (e.g., computer, phone).
What is Reciever, as a component of a Data Communication System?
The device that receives the data.
What is Transmission Medium, as a component of a Data Communication System?
The physical path (like wires or radio waves) that data travels on.
What is Protocol, as a component of a Data Communication System?
A set of rules that allows the sender and receiver to understand each other.
What are the data flow types?
Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full-Duplex.
Explain Simplex
One-way communication (e.g., keyboard to monitor).
Explain Half-Duplex
Two-way communication but not at the same time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
Explain Full-Duplex
Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g., telephone calls).
What is a network?
A connection that allows devices (like computers, phones, routers) to communicate.
Key criteria for a network
Performance, Reliability, Security.
Performance (in networking context)
Measured by how fast data travels and how quickly a device responds.
Reliability (in networking context)
How often the network fails and how quickly it recovers.
What is a point-to-point connection?
A dedicated link between two devices.
What distinguishes local area network (LAN) from wide area network (WAN)?
LAN covers a small area while WAN covers larger areas, like cities or countries.
What is an internetwork?
When two or more networks are connected.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
A collection of protocols used on the Internet, organized into layers.
What are the layers of the TCP/IP model?
Application, Transport, Network, Data-Link, Physical.
What role does the Physical Layer have in TCP/IP?
Carries individual bits across the physical medium.
OSI Model
A framework defined by ISO to help design and understand network systems.
What are the layers in the OSI Model?
Physical, Data-Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.
Key difference between OSI and TCP/IP
TCP/IP has 5 layers as it combines or omits some of the OSI layers.
What role does the Application Layer have in TCP/IP?
responsible for providing network services directly to the end user and supports application-level protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
What role does the Transport Layer have in TCP/IP?
is responsible for ensuring that data is transmitted between hosts reliably and accurately, managing error detection and correction, and providing flow control.
What role does the Data-Link Layer have in TCP/IP?
responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error detection in the physical layer, ensuring reliable communication between directly connected devices.
What role does the Network Layer have in TCP/IP?
responsible for routing data packets between devices across different networks, managing logical addressing through IP addresses, and determining the optimal path for data transmission.
