Period 4 Vocab

'Revolution' of 1800?

'Revolution' of 1800?

This historical event marked the first peaceful transition of power between rival political parties in the United States, highlighting the strength and resilience of the country's democratic institutions and processes.

Marbury v Madison

In this Supreme Court case, the judiciary gained the authority to declare legislative acts unconstitutional, thus ensuring a vital check on the powers of Congress and the Executive.

McCulloch v Maryland

This landmark Supreme Court ruling confirmed that federal law takes precedence over state law and that Congress holds the power to create a national bank under its implied powers.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

This case affirmed the inviolability of contracts, ensuring that state governments could not alter or interfere with established private corporations, thereby safeguarding economic interests.

What was the outcome of the Louisiana Purchase?

This acquisition involved the United States purchasing a vast territory from France in 1803, significantly increasing the size of the nation and paving the way for westward expansion.

Lewis and Clark

These two individuals led an expedition from 1804 to 1806 that gathered crucial information about the geography, natural resources, and Native American tribes in the vast western territory.

Aaron Burr

This historical figure served as the third Vice President of the United States and is notorious for engaging in a fatal duel with Alexander Hamilton, which ended Hamilton's life.

Impressment

This practice involved the coercion of men into naval service, particularly by the British Navy, and fueled significant tensions between the United States and Britain in the early 19th century.

What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807?

This legislation aimed to prohibit American trade with foreign nations, seeking to protect U.S. interests and avoid conflict with Britain and France during the tumultuous Napoleonic Wars.

Who were the War Hawks?

These congressional members, mainly from southern and western states, were fervent proponents of war against Britain, driven by economic grievances and desires for territorial expansion.

What were the main causes of the War of 1812?

Key reasons for this conflict included the forced enlistment of American sailors, British trade restrictions harming U.S. commerce, and expansionist desires that included Canadian territory.

What was the outcome of the Battle of New Orleans?

This battle saw a significant and decisive victory for American forces led by General Andrew Jackson in January 1815, which bolstered national pride even though it occurred after a peace treaty had already been agreed.

What was the Hartford Convention?

This assembly of Federalist delegates from New England convened in late 1814 to address grievances related to the War of 1812, leading to proposals for constitutional amendments, which ultimately weakened their party.

Who was known as the 'Great Compromiser' for his role in politics during this era?

This prominent statesman earned his nickname through his adeptness at mediating major national issues, particularly those related to balance between free and slave states.

What economic plan aimed to unify the national economy?

This proposed infrastructure and economic strategy included the creation of a national bank, protective tariffs, and investments in transportation improvements, all aimed at fostering national economic growth.

What period is characterized by nationalism and a sense of unity in America after the War of 1812?

During this time, American society experienced a surge in national identity and a relatively peaceful political climate, coinciding with the presidency of James Monroe.

What legislation balanced the admission of slave and free states in the Union?

This law created a framework for admitting states into the Union while maintaining a balance between slave and free regions, which included the admission of one state of each type.

What acquisition expanded U.S. territory in 1819?

This territorial gain was achieved through a treaty with Spain, resulting in the transfer of Florida to the United States, thus eliminating Spanish influence on the continent.

What doctrine asserted that the Americas were off-limits to European colonization?

This foreign policy principle warned European powers against further encroachment into the Western Hemisphere, emphasizing American sovereignty and influence in the region.

What term refers to the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay?

This controversial political arrangement allegedly occurred during a contested presidential election, suggesting a quid pro quo that tainted the election process.

What does 'internal improvements' refer to in American history?

This term encompasses various infrastructure projects designed to enhance the country's transportation network, including the construction of roads, canals, and bridges.

Which president is associated with the era of Jacksonian Democracy?

This seventh president of the United States is recognized for his populist policies, championing the rights of the 'common man' and advocating for broader political participation.

What was the Tariff of Abominations?

This highly protective tariff imposed significant duties on imported goods, leading to widespread discontent in southern states due to the perception that it favored northern industries.

Who was John C. Calhoun and what role did he play in U.S. history?

This influential politician from South Carolina served multiple roles, including as Vice President, and became a leading advocate for states' rights and opposition to federal overreach.

What event was sparked by Southern opposition to tariffs and led to a confrontation over states' rights?

This significant political conflict arose in the early 1830s when South Carolina attempted to invalidate federal tariff laws, challenging the authority of the federal government.

What tragic event involved the forced relocation of Native Americans from their ancestral lands?

This series of forced removals during the 1830s specifically targeted various Native American tribes, resulting in immense suffering and loss of life during their journey to designated territories.

What was 'The Bank War'?

This political struggle involved opposition led by the president against the rechartering of the national bank, culminating in a decision to withdraw federal deposits, which had far-reaching economic implications.

What was the Whig Party?

This political organization emerged in the 1830s as a counter to the Democratic Party, advocating for a strong legislative branch and policies geared toward modernization and economic development.

What was debated in the Webster-Hayne Debate?

These Senate discussions focused on the contentious issue of state versus federal authority, particularly regarding the legality of state nullification of federal laws.

What revolution led to Texas gaining independence from Mexico?

This rebellion, occurring from 1835 to 1836, was a pivotal conflict in which Texan settlers fought against Mexican rule, ultimately establishing the Republic of Texas.

Who was President for only 31 days before his death in 1841?

This individual holds the record for the shortest presidential term in U.S. history, dying shortly after delivering a lengthy inaugural address.

What is the title of Alexis de Tocqueville's analysis of American society?

This classic work provides an insightful examination of democracy in America, analyzing its social, political, and cultural implications during the early 19th century.

Who was Dorothea Dix and what did she advocate for?

This social reformer dedicated her efforts to improving conditions for the mentally ill, advocating for more humane treatment and the establishment of dedicated institutions.

What invention is Eli Whitney known for?

This groundbreaking device fundamentally changed the agricultural landscape by significantly speeding up the labor-intensive process of separating cotton fibers from their seeds.

Who was Samuel Slater and what did he contribute to America?

This individual is credited with introducing British textile technology to the United States, effectively laying the groundwork for the American industrial revolution.

What were the Lowell Girls known for?

These young female factory workers in Massachusetts became symbols of the era's industrial workforce, notable for their participation in the textile mills and the labor movement.

What major infrastructure project connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie?

This significant canal project, completed in the 1820s, revolutionized trade and transportation, facilitating economic growth in the northeastern United States.

How did railroads impact American society in the 19th century?

The expansion of this transportation network transformed societal dynamics by significantly enhancing the speed of travel and goods distribution, fostering economic development and westward expansion.

What philosophical movement emphasized reason and the existence of a creator?

This belief system advocated for a rational understanding of the universe based on observation rather than revelation, positing that a creator exists who does not intervene in human affairs.

Which groups of immigrants significantly influenced American culture in the 1800s?

These groups brought diverse customs, traditions, and labor contributions, profoundly affecting the country's social fabric and demographic makeup during the 19th century.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

This widespread religious revival movement transformed American spirituality in the early 19th century, characterized by enthusiastic meetings, the growth of denominations, and calls for social reform.

Who were the Mormons and where did they settle?

This religious group, founded by Joseph Smith, migrated westward seeking religious liberty and established a prosperous community in Utah, which flourished based on communal support.

What was the Cult of Domesticity?

This idealized societal norm defined women's roles predominantly within the home, emphasizing virtues such as piety, purity, and submissive behavior, thereby shaping gender expectations.

What was the Hudson River School known for?

This collective of 19th-century artists specialized in landscape painting that celebrated the beauty of the American wilderness, conveying themes of nature and national identity.

What were Utopian societies?

These communities were envisioned as perfect societies focusing on social harmony and often based on shared philosophical or religious beliefs, striving for collective well-being.

What is Transcendentalism?

This philosophical movement highlighted the importance of individual intuition, the inherent goodness of people, and a profound connection to nature, promoting spiritual and intellectual independence.