m2 carbohydrates and derivatives

1. carbon

2. hydrogen

3. oxygen

Common attributes of carbohydrates are that they contain:

Carbohydrates

 A major source of energy for us.

 Potatoes, bread, pasta and rice are rich in this

carbohydrates

chemically are polyhydric alcohols

polyhydroxy ketones ( ketoses) or

polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses)

glycogen

Storage form of energy in the body (carbohydrates)

 Cell walls of bacteria

 Exoskeleton of many insects

 Fibrous cellulose of plants

carbohydrates serves as a structural component of many organisms:

carbohydrates

Cell membrane components that mediate some forms of intercellular communication

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides

Formed by only one polyhydroxy aldehydic or ketonic unit

D-glucose, also called dextrose

The most abundant monosaccharide:

SUCROSE

GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

MALTOSE

)GLUCOSE+GLUCOSE): a-1,4

CELLUBIOSE

(GLUCOSE+GLUCOSE): B-1,4

LACTOSE

(GLUCOSE+GALACTOSE)

Disaccharides

Meaning "two sugars“

Disaccharides

Are commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose, and maltose

condensation

disaccharides are formed by a __ reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides

A1-B2 GLYYCOSIDIC BOND

glycosidic linkage of sucrose (glucose+fructose)

A1-4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

glycosidic linkage of MALTOSE (GLUCOSE+GLUCOSE)

B1-4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

glycosidic linkage of LACTOSE (GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE)

B1-4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

glycosidic linkage of LACTULOSE (GALACTOSE + FRUCTOSE)

Oligosaccharides

Short chains of monosaccharide units (2 to 20) linked by glycosidic bonds

disaccharides

most abundant oligosaccharide

sucrose, lactose and maltose

most important oligosaccharide in the human diet

polysaccharides

are long polymers of monosaccharides:

Homoglycans

(polysaccharide) made up of one type of sugar unit.

Heteroglycans

(polysaccharide) composed of more than one type of sugar unit; repeating disaccharide units.

Hydroxyacetaldehyde

two-carbon sugar

Hydroxyacetaldehyde

(monosaccharide) does not occur free in nature

Glyceraldehyde

(monosaccharide) intermediate product in glycolysis

Dihydroxyacetone

(monosaccharide) intermediate product in glycolysis

• Glyceraldehyde

• Dihydroxyacetone

3 carbon sugars

• Erythrose

• Erythrulose

4 carbon sugars

• Ribose

• Xylose

• Ribulose, Xylulose

5 carbon sugars

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

6 carbon sugars

Sedoheptulose

7 carbon sugar

Neuraminic acid

9 carbon sugars

erythrose

(monosaccharide) not found free in nature

Ribose

(monosaccharide) product of gum hydrolysis; the sugar present in the RNA

Xylose

(monosaccharide) wood sugar; simplest sugar found in plants; a diagnostic aid for intestinal absorption

Glucose

(monosaccharide) dextrose, grape sugar, physiologic sugar; β-D-glucose (the most abundant type of glucose)

Fructose

(monosaccharide) levulose, fruit sugar; sweetest but with after-taste; product of inversion of aqueous solution of sucrose and hydrolysis of inulin

Galactose

(monosaccharide) found in milk and in neuronic fibers as galactosides

7 carbon sugars

(monosaccharide) ketoheptulose

Neuraminic acid

(monosaccharide) sialic acid; an aldononose

• sucrose

• maltose

• lactose

• lactulose

disaccharides

• Maltotriose

• Dextrin

oligosaccharides

Lactulose

Duphalac®

lactulose

a semi-synthetic sugar; product of alkaline rearrangement of lactose; used as a laxative for myocardial infarcted patients (to avoid straining)

Cellulose

structural polysaccharide in plants; long chain of β-1,4 glucose units

Chitin

structural polysaccharide in animals; long chain of N-acetylglucosamine

Starch

storage polysaccharide in plants; composed of amylose and amylopectin

Hetastarch

water soluble starch with >90% amylopectin

Glycogen

storage polysaccharide in animals; more branched than starch (every 10 glucose units);

Inulin

polyfructan of fructofuranose; β-1,2 bond; improves digestion

Dextran

homopolyglucan of α-1,6 bond; formed from sucrose by the action of transglycolase enzyme system; used as a plasma expander

Hyaluronic acid

present in vitreous humor and synovial fluid

Chondroitin sulphate

heteroglycan that is present in cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Dermatan sulphate

heteroglycan that is present in skin

Keratan sulphate

heteroglycan that is present in nails

Heparan sulphate

heteroglycan that is an anticoagulant

Agarose

heteroglycan found in sea-weeds

pectin

a heteroglycan found in the primary cell walls of the plants

pectin

rich in galacturonic acid; used as gelling agents, thickening agents and stabilizers in food

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