AP HuG - Unit 3, Chapter 6

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Dialects

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25 Terms

1

Dialects

Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

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2

Creole Language

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

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3

Conquest Theory

early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues

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4

Standard language

‘The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.

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5

Lingua Franca

term deriving from “Frankish language”, refers to a “common language,” a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce.

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6

Extinct Language

Language without any native speakers.

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7

Multilingual States

Countries in which more than one language is spoken.

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8

Proto-Indo-European

Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia.

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9

Dialect chains

A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related.

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10

Romance Languages

Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed.

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11

Mutual intelligibility

The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.

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12

Official Language

In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government.

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13

Language Divergence

The opposite of language convergence; a process whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages.

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14

Monolingual States

Countries in which only one language is spoken.

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15

Pidgin Language

When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.

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16

Deep Reconstruction

Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language

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17

Toponym

Place name

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18

Subfamilies

Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent.

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19

Language

A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication

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20

Backward Reconstruction

the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants “backward” towards the original language

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21

Language Convergence

The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages, the opposite of language divergence

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22

Place

uniqueness of a location.

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23

Language families

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin.

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24

Global Language

The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers or prevalence of use in commerce or trade

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25

Isogloss

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

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