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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Appendicular SKeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton

Fig. 5.8, p. 146

  • 126 bones of the limbs (appendages), the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle

  • Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

The Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle-Clavicle (Fig. 5.23(a-b), p.159

  • The collarbone

  • Holds the arm away from the upper thorax and helps prevent shoulder dislocation

  • When the clavicle is broken, the shoulder region caves in medially

  • Attaches medially at the manubrium (at the sternal end) and laterally at the scapula (helping to form the shoulder joint)

  • Shoulder blades

  • Triangular; “wings” because they flare out when we move arms posteriorly

  • Flattened body with 2 important processes:

  • Acromion : enlarged end of the spine of the scapula; connects with the clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint

  • Coracoid process: break-like; points over the top of the shoulder and anchors some of the muscles of the arm

Other Important Markings of the Scapula

Fig. 5.23 (c-d), p.159

  • Suprascapular notch: just medial to coracoid process; nerve passageway

  • Not directly connected to axial skeleton— held in place by trunk muscles

  • 3 borders: superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)

  • 3 angles: superior, medial, and inferior

  • Glenoid cavity: in the lateral angle; shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone.

Shoulder Girdle:

Allows Wide Range of Motion

  • Very light

  • Attaches to axial skeleton at only one point– the sternoclavicular joint

  • Loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back and forth against the thorax as muscles move

  • Glenoid cavity is shallow and poorly reinforced by ligaments

  • PROBLEM: easily dislocated

Arm: Humerus (long bone) (I)

Fig. 5.24 (a-b), p.160

  • Proximal end: rounded head that fits into shallow glenoid cavity

  • Anatomical neck: immediately inferior to proximal head; slight constriction

  • Greater & lesser tubercles: anterolateral to head; sites of muscle attachment

  • Separated by the intertubercular sulcus

  • Surgical neck: just distal to tubercles; most frequently fractured area of the humerus

Arm: Humerus (long bone) (II)

Fig.5.24 (a-b), p.160

  • Deltoid tuberosity: roughed area on the midpoint of shaft;l deltoid attaches

  • Radial groove: runs obliquely down posterior of shaft; radial nerve fits here

  • Trochlea: spool-like at the medial-distal end; articulates with bones of the forearm

  • Capitulum: ball-like at the lateral-distal end; articulated with bones of the forearm

  • Coronoid (anterior) & Olecranon (posterior) Fossa: above trochlea: allow processes of the ulna to move freely

  • Flanked by medial & lateral epicondyles

Forearm: Radius (I)

Figure. 5.24(c), p. 160

  • Lateral bone

  • When the palm faces backward, the distal end of the radius becomes medial to the ulna

  • Articulates proximally and distally with the ulna at the radioulnar joints

  • Connected along the length with the ulna with flexible interosseous membrane

  • Styloid process at the distal end

Forearm: Radius (II)

Fig. 5.24(c), p.160

  • Disc-shaped head forms joint with the capitulum of the humerus

  • Radial tuberosity: just below the head; bicep muscle attaches

Forearm: Ulna

Fig. 5.24(c), p.160

  • Medial bone

  • Coronoid process (anterior) & olecranon(posterior): at the proximal end; grip the trochlea of the numerous ina pliers-like grip

  • These two processes are separated by the trochlear notch

Hand

Fig. 5.25, p.161q

  • Eight carpal bones (2 irregular rows of 4 bones each); form the carpus (wrist)

  • Movement among them is restricted by ligaments

  • Metcarpals: palm

  • Numbered 1 to 5 (thumb is 1, pinky is 5)

  • In a fist, the heads become the knuckles

  • Phalanges: fingers

  • 3 bones in each finger (proximal, middle, distal); only 2 in thumb (proximal, distal)

Pelvic Girdle

Fig. 5.26, p.162

  • Formed by 2 coxal bones (a.k.a ossa coxae or the hip bones) and the sacrum

  • The pelvic girdle + the coccyx= the bony pelvis

Basics of the pelvic girdle

  • Bones are large and heavy; securely attached to axial skeleton by the sacral attachment to the lowest lumbar vertebra

  • Thigh bones securely attached to the girdle by deep sockets and reinforced by ligament

  • Most important job: bears weight of upper body

  • Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and large intestine lie within pelvis

Hip Bones: Fusion of 3 Bones Ilium (Fig. 5.26, p. 162)

  • Ilium: large & flaring; connected posteriorly to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

  • Alae: wing-like portion (when you rest your hands on your hips)

  • Iliac crest: upper edge of an ala; important landmark for intermuscular injections

  • Anterior superior iliac spine: anterior end

  • Posterior superior iliac spine: posterior end

  • Small inferior spines below

Hip Bones: Fusion of 3 Bones

Ischium (Fig. 5.26, p. 162)

  • Ischium: forms most inferior part of coxal bone; “sit down bone”

  • Ischial tuberosity: roughened area that receives body weight when sitting

  • Ischial spine: superior to tuberosity; important landmark (narrows outlet through pelvis through which the baby passes)

  • Greater sciatic notch: allows blood vessels and sciatic nerve to pass posteriorly to thigh (buttock injections should be far from this area!!!)

Hip Bones: Fusion of 3 Bones

Pubis (Fig. 5.26, p.162)

  • Pubis: most anterior portion of coxal bone

  • Obturator foramen: allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to the anterior part of thigh

  • A bone of bar from the rami of the pubis anteriorly & ischium posteriorly surrounds this

  • Pubic symphysis: fusion of both pubic bones, forming this cartilaginous joint

Hip Bones: Fusion of 3 Bones

Acetabulum (Fig. 5.26, p.162)

  • Deep socket that is the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

  • Receives the head of the thigh bone (femur)

Two Pelvic Regions

Fig. 5.26, p. 162

  • False pelvis: superior to true pelvis; medial to flaring ilia

  • True pelvis: inferior to flaring ilia; surrounded by bone

  • For women, the true pelvis MUST be large enough for the baby’s head to pass through

  • The dimensions of the outlet (inferior) and inlet (superior) must be carefully measured

Chracteristics of the FEMALE

pelvis (Fig. 5.26 (c), p.162)

  • Inlet is larger & more circular

  • Shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner

  • Ilia flare more laterally

  • Sacrum is shorter & less curved

  • Ischial spines are shorter and father apart (creating larger outlet)

  • Pubic arch is more rounded (the pubic arch is greater)

Foot

Fig. 5.28, p.165

  • Two functions: supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel our bodies as we walk or run

  • Tarsus: posterior of foot; 7 tarsal bones

  • 2 largest carry most of the body weight: the calcaneus (heelbone) and talus (lied between the tibia and calcaneus)

  • Metatarsals: sole of the foot; 5 bones

  • Phalanges: toes; 14 bones

  • All toes have 3 bones, except the big toe (2 bones)

Arches of the Foot

Fig. 5.29, p.165

  • Bones are arranged to form 3 arches

  • 2 arches are longitudinal (one medial and one lateral), and 2 arch is transverse

  • The ligaments and tendons in the foot help secure the foot bones, but allow a certain amount of give or springiness

  • Weak arches are referred to as “fallen arches” or “flat feet”

Joints

P.165-173

Joints (Articulations)

  • Sites where 2 or more bones meet

  • Hyoid bone-only unarticulated bone in body

  • Two functions:

  • Hold bones in place

  • Give rigid skeleton mobility

  • Two ways joints are classified:

  • Functionally

  • Structurally

Funtional Classifications of Joints

  • Synarthroses: immovable

  • Mostly restricted to axial skeleton

  • Amphiarthroses: slightly movable

  • Mostly restricted to axial skeleton

  • Diarthroses: freely movable

  • Predominate in the limbs

Structural Classification of Joints

Fig. 5.30, p.168 & Table 5.3, p.169

  • Fibrious: fibrous tissue connects bones

  • Generally immovable (synarthroses)

  • Cartilaginous: cartilage connects bones

  • Generally slightly movable (amphiarthroses)

  • Synovial: joint cavity connects bones

  • Generally freely movable (diarthroses)

Fibrous Joints

  • United by fibrous tissue

  • Eg. Sutures in the skull (Fig. 5.30(a), p.168)

  • Irregular edges interlock and are bound by connective tissue fibers

  • Syndesmoses- fibers connecting bones are longer than in sutures; more “give” to the joint

  • Eg. Joint connecting the distal end of the tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous Joints

  • Bone ends are connected by fibrocartilage

  • Eg. of the slightly movable (amphiarthrotic) joints: pubis symphysis and intervertebral joints (Fif. 5.30 (e-d), p.168)

  • Syndchondroses: immovable cartilaginous joints (synarthrotic)

  • Eg. Epiphyseal plates and joints between first ribs & sternum (Fig. 5.30 (c), p.168)

Synovial Joints

Fig. 5.30 (f-h), p. 168

  • Bones articulate at a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; eg. Limbs

  • 4 characteristics:

  • Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers bone ends

  • Joint surfaces enclosed by sleeves of fibrous c.t. (articular capsule), lined with a smooth synovial membrane

  • Articular capsule encloses joint vanity, which contains lubricating synovial fluid

  • Fibrous layer of capsule reinforced by ligaments

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths

  • Bags of lubricant closely associated with synovial joints (Fig. 5.32, p. 170)

  • Act like ball bearings to reduce friction

  • Bursae: flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

  • Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

  • Tendon sheaths: an elongated bursa; wrapped around a tendon subject to friction

Homeostatic Imbalance:

Dislocation

  • The bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity

  • Reduction: process of returning the bone to its proper position

  • Should ALWAYS be done by a physician!!!

Homeostatic Imbalance

Bursitis&Sprain

  • Bursitis: “water on the knee”

  • Inflammation of bursae or synovial membranes in the patellar area

  • Sprain: Inflammation (or possible tearing) of the ligaments or tendons

  • Causes swelling

  • Slow to heal because tendons and ligaments are poorly vascularized

Homeostatic Imbalance:

Arthritis

  • Describe over 100 inflammatory or degenerative diseases that affect the joints

  • Most widespread crippling disease in the U>|S

  • All forms start with: pain, stiffness, & swelling of the joints

  • Different types of arthritis have different long-lasting effects

  • Acute forms: bacterial infections; treat with antibiotics

  • Synovial membrane thicken and fluid decreases=increased friction=PAIN

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Mississippi Scheme and Black Friday Gold Scandal
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Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impact
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Pseudotumor Cerebri
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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