UNIT 4.2. Mental Health and Illness

Mental Health

• “A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” (WHO)

• Successful performance of mental function

• Effective functioning in daily activities

• Results:

  • productive activities

  • fulfilling relationships

  • ability to cope with life’s challenges

• a state of well-being

continuum

Mental health is a ____________ because it ranges from being mentally healthy to having mental illness

Mental Illness

• A diagnosable illness that affects a person’s thinking, emotional state, and behavior, and disrupts a person’s ability to work and carry out other daily activities and engage in satisfying personal relationships

• Some are common, some are not

• May cause severe disability

Mental Distress

• Common

• Caused by a problem or event

• Usually not severe (may be severe)

• Usually short lasting

• Professional help not usually needed but can be useful

• DIAGNOSIS NOT NEEDED

Mental Disorder

• Less common

• Often with high severity

• Usually long lasting

• Professional help usually needed

• NEEDS TO BE DIAGNOSED

George Engel

proponent of The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness

The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness

• attempt to integrate the:

  • psychological (the ‘psycho’: behavior, personality, attitudes/beliefs, learning and memory, coping and social skills, and self-esteem and emotions)

  • environmental (the ‘social’: education, social support, peer relationships, family background, and socioeconomic status)

  • biomedical (the ‘bio’: gender, disability, physical health, neurochemistry, stress reactivity, and genetic vulnerability) model of health

The Biological Aspect of Mental Health

• The brain is made up of: cells, connection amongst the cells, and various neurochemicals (“neurotransmitters”)

• The neurochemicals provide a means for the different parts of the brain to communicate

• Different parts of the brain are primarily responsible for doing different things (e.g., thinking, feelings, movement)

• Most things a brain does depends on many different parts of the brain working together in a network

not working well

What happens inside the brain when it gets sick?
(1) A specific part of the brain that needs to be working on a specific task is _______________

(2) A specific part of the brain that needs to be working on a specific task is working in the _________________

(3) The _______________________ that help different parts of the brain communicate are not working properly

1 = ?

wrong way

What happens inside the brain when it gets sick?
(1) A specific part of the brain that needs to be working on a specific task is _______________

(2) A specific part of the brain that needs to be working on a specific task is working in the _________________

(3) The _______________________ that help different parts of the brain communicate are not working properly

2 = ?

neurochemical messengers

What happens inside the brain when it gets sick?
(1) A specific part of the brain that needs to be working on a specific task is _______________

(2) A specific part of the brain that needs to be working on a specific task is working in the _________________

(3) The _______________________ that help different parts of the brain communicate are not working properly

3 = ?

psycho

aspects of health and illness that were described in terms of cognitions, emotions and behaviours

Aaron Beck

The Cognitive-Behavioral Model proponent

Cognitive Distortions

distorted/irrational thoughts leading to maladaptive behaviors

All or Nothing Thinking

• black and white thinking

Over-generalizing

• seeing a pattern based upon a single event, or being overly broad in the conclusions we draw

Mental Filter

• only paying attention to certain types of evidence

Disqualifying the positive

• discounting the good things that have happened or that you have done for some reason or another

Jumping to Conclusions

Two Types:

• Mind Reading: imagining we know what others are thinking

• Fortune Telling: predicting the future

Magnification and Minimizing

• blowing things out of proportion or shrinking something to make it seem less important

Emotional Reasoning

• assuming that because we feel a certain way what we think must be true

Using critical words

• uses “should, must or ought” can make us feel guilty or like we already failed

• result is also frustration

Labelling

• assigning labels to ourselves or other people

Personalization

• blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault

The Social Aspect of Mental Health

• social norms of behaviour (e.g. the social norm of smoking or not smoking)

• pressures to change behaviour (e.g. peer group expectations, parental pressure)

• social values on health (e.g. whether health was regarded as a good or a bad thing)

• social class

• ethnicity/culture

• spirituality

Diathesis-Stress Model

• mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role.

genetics, biological factor, childhood experiences

predisposing factors in Diathesis-Stress Model

Stresses

precipitating factors in Diathesis-Stress Model

10-20%

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. Worldwide, an estimated ___________PP of adolescents have unnoticed signs of poor mental health (WHO, 2018)

2. In the Philippines, ___________ endure depressive disorders (DOH, 2019)

3. One study showed that few Filipinos will consult despite having over __________ depression incidence in Southeast Asia (Coppersmith G, 2015)

1 = ?

3.3 million

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. Worldwide, an estimated ___________PP of adolescents have unnoticed signs of poor mental health (WHO, 2018)

2. In the Philippines, ___________ endure depressive disorders (DOH, 2019)

3. One study showed that few Filipinos will consult despite having over __________ depression incidence in Southeast Asia (Coppersmith G, 2015)

2 = ?

4.5 million

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. Worldwide, an estimated ___________PP of adolescents have unnoticed signs of poor mental health (WHO, 2018)

2. In the Philippines, ___________ endure depressive disorders (DOH, 2019)

3. One study showed that few Filipinos will consult despite having over __________ depression incidence in Southeast Asia (Coppersmith G, 2015)

3 = ?

700

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. There are only _____ psychiatrists

2. a _______ psychiatric nurses and psychologists in the Philippines

3. __________ of Filipino adults experience psychiatric disorders

4. Filipino college students tend to suffer in ________ regardless of the symptoms observed (Lee, 2013)

5. NSO: Mental health illnesses are the _______ most common form of morbidity for Filipinos

1 = ?

thousand

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. There are only _____ psychiatrists

2. a _______ psychiatric nurses and psychologists in the Philippines

3. __________ of Filipino adults experience psychiatric disorders

4. Filipino college students tend to suffer in ________ regardless of the symptoms observed (Lee, 2013)

5. NSO: Mental health illnesses are the _______ most common form of morbidity for Filipinos

2 = ?

7–20%

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. There are only _____ psychiatrists

2. a _______ psychiatric nurses and psychologists in the Philippines

3. __________ of Filipino adults experience psychiatric disorders

4. Filipino college students tend to suffer in ________ regardless of the symptoms observed (Lee, 2013)

5. NSO: Mental health illnesses are the _______ most common form of morbidity for Filipinos

3 = ?

silence

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. There are only _____ psychiatrists

2. a _______ psychiatric nurses and psychologists in the Philippines

3. __________ of Filipino adults experience psychiatric disorders

4. Filipino college students tend to suffer in ________ regardless of the symptoms observed (Lee, 2013)

5. NSO: Mental health illnesses are the _______ most common form of morbidity for Filipinos

4 = ?

third

Mental Health in the Philippines

1. There are only _____ psychiatrists

2. a _______ psychiatric nurses and psychologists in the Philippines

3. __________ of Filipino adults experience psychiatric disorders

4. Filipino college students tend to suffer in ________ regardless of the symptoms observed (Lee, 2013)

5. NSO: Mental health illnesses are the _______ most common form of morbidity for Filipinos

5 = ?

DEPRESSION

• common but serious mood disorder that negatively affects an individual's behavior, emotions, thoughts, bodily functions, and interpersonal relationships.

• lead to a variety of problems and difficulties in daily living, including academics

• Characteristics:

  • Overwhelming Sadness

  • Hopelessness

  • Loss of interest and/or energy

  • Guilt or worthlessness

  • Concentration loss

  • Appetite and/sleep change

  • Psychomotor agitation/retardation

  • Irritability/Anger

  • Withdrawal/Isolation

  • Suicidal thoughts

ANXIETY AND ANXIETY DISORDERS

• Restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge.

• Being easily fatigued.

• Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.

• Irritability.

• Muscle tension.

• Sleep disturbance

Suicide

• second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds

Non-Suicidal Injury (NSSI)

• to feel better

• cause damage to the surface of the body only

• often used regularly or off and on to manage stress and other emotions

• shorter improvement in sense of well-being and functioning

Suicide

• to end feeling or life

• much more lethal and frequent

Law about the Promotion of Mental Wellness

Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036)

rights and welfare

Provisions of Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036):

1. Secures the ______________ of persons with mental health needs and mental health professionals

2. Integrates ______________________________ services in regional, provincial, and tertiary hospitals

3. Provides mental health services all the way down to _______

4. Improves mental healthcare ___________

5. Promotes __________________ in schools and workplaces.

1 = ?

psychosocial, psychiatric, and neurological

Provisions of Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036):

1. Secures the ______________ of persons with mental health needs and mental health professionals

2. Integrates ______________________________ services in regional, provincial, and tertiary hospitals

3. Provides mental health services all the way down to _______

4. Improves mental healthcare ___________

5. Promotes __________________ in schools and workplaces.

2 = ?

barangays

Provisions of Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036):

1. Secures the ______________ of persons with mental health needs and mental health professionals

2. Integrates ______________________________ services in regional, provincial, and tertiary hospitals

3. Provides mental health services all the way down to _______

4. Improves mental healthcare ___________

5. Promotes __________________ in schools and workplaces.

3 = ?

facilities

Provisions of Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036):

1. Secures the ______________ of persons with mental health needs and mental health professionals

2. Integrates ______________________________ services in regional, provincial, and tertiary hospitals

3. Provides mental health services all the way down to _______

4. Improves mental healthcare ___________

5. Promotes __________________ in schools and workplaces.

4 = ?

mental health education

Provisions of Philippine Mental Health Law (RA 11036):

1. Secures the ______________ of persons with mental health needs and mental health professionals

2. Integrates ______________________________ services in regional, provincial, and tertiary hospitals

3. Provides mental health services all the way down to _______

4. Improves mental healthcare ___________

5. Promotes __________________ in schools and workplaces.

5 = ?

Psychiatrists

• “-iatry” refers to medical treatment

• medical doctor

• assess both mental and physical aspects of psychological problems

• conduct and prescribe medical treatments

Psychologists

• “-ology” refers to the study of a topic

• advance degree

• extensive training in research or clinical practice

• specialize in psychological testing and evaluation

Psychometricians

administers objective and structured personality tests; conducts preparatory intake interviews of clients for psychological intervention sessions

Guidance Counselors

Focus is on clients potential and resolution of problems; common in education and career setting

Psychiatric Nurses

Focus is on signs, symptoms and complaints of clients; serves as case managers in clinical setting

Social Worker

Focus is on the process of integration of clients in the community

Occupational Therapists

Focus is on resumption of activities of daily living; integration with community by honing occupational skills

Life Coach

Focus is on everyday life concerns that are not clinical in nature, can be specific to certain contexts such as business, executive, academic and sports science.