4 Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/106

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

107 Terms

1
New cards

prokaryotes

-DON'T have membrane (lack nucleus)

-are simple structures; small about 1.0um in diameter

-includes bacteria & archaea

2
New cards

structure of prokaryotic cells

ribosome, cytoplasm, nucleoid, glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum, inclusions

<p>ribosome, cytoplasm, nucleoid, glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum, inclusions</p>
3
New cards

prokaryotic cell shapes (morphologies)

bacilli, cocci, vibrios, spirilla

<p>bacilli, cocci, vibrios, spirilla</p>
4
New cards

bacillus

rod shaped

5
New cards

coccus

spherical shaped

6
New cards

spirillum (spirochete)

spiral shaped (more than three bends)

7
New cards

vibrio

curved rod shape (one bend)

8
New cards

monomorphic

single shape for the genus(bacteria)

9
New cards

pleomorphic

microorganisms can alter their shape into multiple varies

ex) Streptomyces -soil bacteria

10
New cards

strepto arrangement

chains and pairs

<p>chains and pairs</p>
11
New cards

staph arrangement

clusters

-all the rods are chained together by their short ends

<p>clusters</p><p>-all the rods are chained together by their short ends</p>
12
New cards

palisades arrangement

a wall

<p>a wall</p>
13
New cards

glycocalyces

-gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of cell

-composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

14
New cards

types of glycocalyces

capsule and slime layer

15
New cards

capsule (dark ring)

-composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals

-firmly attached to cell surface

-protects cells from drying out

-may prevent bacteria from being recognized & destroyed by host

<p>-composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals</p><p>-firmly attached to cell surface</p><p>-protects cells from drying out</p><p>-may prevent bacteria from being recognized &amp; destroyed by host</p>
16
New cards

slime layer (lighter outer ring)

-loosely attached to cell surface

-water soluble

-protects cells from drying out

-sticky layer that allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

<p>-loosely attached to cell surface</p><p>-water soluble</p><p>-protects cells from drying out</p><p>-sticky layer that allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces</p>
17
New cards

flagella

-responsible for movement

-have long structures that extend beyond cell surface

-not present in all prokaryotes

18
New cards

structure of flagella

-filament, hook, basal body

-filament capable of rotating 360'

-sperm =only human flagellated cell

<p>-filament, hook, basal body</p><p>-filament capable of rotating 360'</p><p>-sperm =only human flagellated cell</p>
19
New cards

types of flagellar arrangements

monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous

<p>monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous</p>
20
New cards

monotrichous

one flagellum

<p>one flagellum</p>
21
New cards

amphitrichous

flagella at both ends of cell

<p>flagella at both ends of cell</p>
22
New cards

Lophotrichous

clusters of flagella

<p>clusters of flagella</p>
23
New cards

peritrichous

flagella surrounding the entire outside of bacteria

<p>flagella surrounding the entire outside of bacteria</p>
24
New cards

axial filament

-very long soft thin bodied bacteria

-wraps around the inside of the bacteria and helps it move in a twisting or corkscrew motion. (making it more flexible)

<p>-very long soft thin bodied bacteria</p><p>-wraps around the inside of the bacteria and helps it move in a twisting or corkscrew motion. (making it more flexible)</p>
25
New cards

external structures of prokaryotic cells

glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili

26
New cards

function of flagella

-helps bacteria move and find better environments to survive.

-have sensor proteins that can sense chemicals in environment to detect movement

-bacteria move in response to stimuli (taxis)

27
New cards

Bacteria motility

run & tumble

28
New cards

run (bacteria motility)

counterclockwise flagella, progressive (towards/straight line)

29
New cards

tumble (bacteria motility)

clockwise flagella (spinning but doesn't move -picks a random direction and starts going forward again)

30
New cards

fimbriae & pili

rod like proteinaceous extensions

31
New cards

fimbriae

-sticky, bristlelike projections

-used by bacteria to adhere to one another, to hosts, and to substances in environment

-may be hundreds per cell

-shorter than flagella

32
New cards

pili

-longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella

-mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)

-bacteria typically only have one or two per cell

-hollow

33
New cards

Conjugation pilus

an external structure used to connect two bacteria (bridge allows for sharing of genetic information

ex) spreading of genetic resistance like antibiotics

<p>an external structure used to connect two bacteria (bridge allows for sharing of genetic information</p><p>ex) spreading of genetic resistance like antibiotics</p>
34
New cards

Horizontal gene transfer

when bacteria share genetic material with each other — not from parent to offspring, but between individuals (vertical =PartoChild)

35
New cards

osmosis

the diffusion of water across the semipermeable membrane (tendency of water crossing into the cell, too much water =bursts)

36
New cards

Diffusion

movement down from a high to low level of concentration gradient

37
New cards

prokaryotic cell walls

-protect the cell from osmotic forces

-provide structure and shape

-assist some cells in attaching to other cells or in avoiding antimicrobial drugs

-not present in animal cells (bacteria & archaea have different cell wall chemistry)

38
New cards

bacterial cell walls

-mostly composed of peptidoglycan (sugars, NAG, NAM)

-chains of NAG and NAM attached to other chains by tetrapeptide crossbridges (may be covalently bonded or held together by short connecting chains of amino acids)

39
New cards

types of bacterial cell walls

gram postive/negative

40
New cards

peptido

refers to peptides =amino acids

41
New cards

Glycan

"sugars" -a chain of sugar molecules (also called polysaccharides or carbohydrates) that are linked together.

42
New cards

Hydroxyl group

OH -participates in dehydration synthesis

43
New cards

NAG

(N-acetylglucosamine) a modified sugar that's a key building block of bacterial cell walls and other important biological structures.

<p>(N-acetylglucosamine) a modified sugar that's a key building block of bacterial cell walls and other important biological structures.</p>
44
New cards

NAM

(N-acetylmuramic acid) a sugar with a special side chain that helps link peptide chains in the bacterial cell wall, making it strong and tough.

<p>(N-acetylmuramic acid) a sugar with a special side chain that helps link peptide chains in the bacterial cell wall, making it strong and tough.</p>
45
New cards

structure of Peptidoglycan

like a trapeze net made of sugar chains and peptide links, giving bacteria strength and protection.

<p>like a trapeze net made of sugar chains and peptide links, giving bacteria strength and protection.</p>
46
New cards

Peptidoglycan Cross-Links

connections between peptide chains attached to sugar backbones in the bacterial cell wall.

<p>connections between peptide chains attached to sugar backbones in the bacterial cell wall.</p>
47
New cards

cross links in gram negative cells

direct cross-linking means peptide chains link directly to each other without extra bridging molecules, creating a strong but thinner cell wall.

-no interbridges

48
New cards

peptide interbridges in positive cells

the peptide chains attached to the sugar backbone are often connected by a short chain of amino acids (peptide interbridge) -acts like a connector or "spacer" between peptides on neighboring sugar chains.

49
New cards

gram positive cell

-thick peptidoglycan

-teichoic & lipoteichoic acid

-one membrane

-periplasm

50
New cards

Lipoteichoic acid

found in gram positive, anchored in phospholipids (touches the membrane) B

<p>found in gram positive, anchored in phospholipids (touches the membrane) B</p>
51
New cards

Teichoic acid

found in gram positive, does not reach membrane

<p>found in gram positive, does not reach membrane</p>
52
New cards

periplasm

inside the cell, storage space

ex) garage

gram pos =small, gram neg =large

53
New cards

gram negative cell

-two membranes

-have lipopolysaccharide

-porins

-thin peptidoglycan

-periplasm

54
New cards

lipopolysaccharide

-outer layer of outer membrane (only in gram neg)

-3 domains: lipid A (endotoxin), core polysaccharide, O antigen

-O is dominant antigen of gram neg cells

55
New cards

endo

inside (the bacteria)

56
New cards

structure of lipopolysaccharide

the main body made of polysaccharides, want antigen to attack bacteria

57
New cards

Antigen

a compound that provokes an immune response

(want it to attack bacteria)

58
New cards

steps of gram stain

1. smear 2.heat fix 3. Add crystal violet (specifically binds to peptidoglycan) 4. Add iodine mordant (intensifies staining) -to stick nd intense 5. Alcohol wash (decolonization) -gram negs will lose crystal violet 6. Add safranin (counterstain) -becomes pink

<p>1. smear 2.heat fix 3. Add crystal violet (specifically binds to peptidoglycan) 4. Add iodine mordant (intensifies staining) -to stick nd intense 5. Alcohol wash (decolonization) -gram negs will lose crystal violet 6. Add safranin (counterstain) -becomes pink</p>
59
New cards

differences of gram pos/neg

-Gram reaction color: purple/ pink

-Peptidoglycan layer: thick/thin

-Gram pos small periplasm

-Gram neg large periplasm

60
New cards

archaeal cell walls

-don't have peptidoglycan

-contains variety of specialized polysaccharides and proteins

61
New cards

structure of cytoplasmic membranes

-referred to as phospholipid bilayer; composed of lipids & associated proteins

-Proteins important for recognition, receptors, carriers of channels

<p>-referred to as phospholipid bilayer; composed of lipids &amp; associated proteins</p><p>-Proteins important for recognition, receptors, carriers of channels</p>
62
New cards

hydrophilic

polar head

<p>polar head</p>
63
New cards

hydrophobic

nonpolar tail

<p>nonpolar tail</p>
64
New cards

Peripheral protein

A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

65
New cards

glycoprotein

-proteins that have attached carbohydrate groups

-essential for cell communication, recognition, adhesion, immune responses,

-unique structure allows them to function in a wide variety of ways across the cell membrane and in extracellular spaces.

66
New cards

integral proteins

-proteins embedded in the cell membrane

-essential for functions like transport, signal reception, enzymatic activity, cell communication, and structural support.

67
New cards

Semi fluid nature

refers to the fluid-like characteristics of the cell membrane ex) bend and flex, proteins can move around

68
New cards

Function prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane

-Energy storage

-Membrane made of phospholipids

-Harvest light energy in photosynthetic prokaryotes

-Proteins allow substances to cross membrane

-Maintain concentration and electrical gradient (chemicals concentrated on one side of the membrane or the other; Voltage exists across the membrane)

69
New cards

voltage

measure of potential energy because of charge separation

70
New cards

current

the flow of charge

71
New cards

Endospores

some bacteria can produce that go against unfavorable conditions (Allows bacteria to survive in difficult conditions for a really long time

ex) C. Diff

72
New cards

what can small nonpolar molecules in prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane do

can enter the cells, reach and potentially damage prokaryotic DNA directly, leading to mutations or cell death. (resulting in a damage of dna)

73
New cards

cytosol

liquid portion of cytoplasm

74
New cards

inclusions

-reserve deposits of chemicals

-storage granules or deposits found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells (like bacteria)

75
New cards

what is the function of ribosomes

are the sites of protein synthesis

76
New cards

cytoskeleton

plays a role in forming the cells basic shape

77
New cards

ribosomes structure

composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins

-prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (small30, large50)

78
New cards

nucleoid

contains genetic material, a single circular chromosome, has no nuclear membrane

-DNA is in close proximity to the cytoplasm and ribosomes

-more likely to have plasmids

79
New cards

plasmids

a piece of extra chromosomal DNA (can be transferred between bacteria)

80
New cards

what is the function of plasmids

extra genetic information that may encode important features

81
New cards

plasmids structure

composed of DNA, are small circular "mini chromosomes"

82
New cards

inclusion bodies

are non membrane bound granules, usually for storage of nutrients

<p>are non membrane bound granules, usually for storage of nutrients</p>
83
New cards

types of inclusion bodies

Polyhydroxybutyrate, volutin, magnetosomes

84
New cards

volutin

p storage

85
New cards

Polyhydroxybutyrate

carbon storage

86
New cards

Magnetosomes

magnetic iron crystals -using iron crystals as a compass needle (to control its motion)

87
New cards

eukaryotic cell

Larger in size, have a nucleus, organelles, division of labor

Animal have no cell wall

<p>Larger in size, have a nucleus, organelles, division of labor</p><p>Animal have no cell wall</p>
88
New cards

nucleus of eurkaryotic cells

-enclosed by double lipid bilayer

-Nucleolus (rRNA synthesis)

-DNA is inside the nucleus

-Nuclear pores allow traffic into and out of the nucleus

<p>-enclosed by double lipid bilayer</p><p>-Nucleolus (rRNA synthesis)</p><p>-DNA is inside the nucleus</p><p>-Nuclear pores allow traffic into and out of the nucleus</p>
89
New cards

genetic material in eukaryotic cells

multiple linear chromosomes are present, may be haploid or diploid, DNA is condensed on proteins (histones)

90
New cards

histones

a protein that compacts and regulates DNA (in eukaryotes and archaea -not bacteria)

91
New cards

Endoplasmic reticulum

Phospholipid bilayer consisting of smooth & rough ER

92
New cards

smooth ER

Lipid metabolism

Detox reactions

<p>Lipid metabolism</p><p>Detox reactions</p>
93
New cards

rough ER

Have ribosomes docked

Protein synthesis

<p>Have ribosomes docked</p><p>Protein synthesis</p>
94
New cards

Eukaryote ribosome

Two subunits (40S & 60S) =80S

Translate mRNA into proteins

Have similar structure to prokaryotes but different shape

Antibiotic resistant (selective toxicity -70s but not 80s)

95
New cards

selective toxicity

refers to a drug's ability to target harmful microbes or cells without damaging the host's own cells.

96
New cards

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, Site of respiration, double lipid bilayer

-Look, behave, and reproduce like bacteria (autonomously)

<p>Powerhouse of the cell, Site of respiration, double lipid bilayer</p><p>-Look, behave, and reproduce like bacteria (autonomously)</p>
97
New cards

Golgi body

-"Stack of pancakes"

-Protein trafficking centers; Import, processing, export

-Composed of a lipid bilayer (vesicles bud off)

<p>-"Stack of pancakes"</p><p>-Protein trafficking centers; Import, processing, export</p><p>-Composed of a lipid bilayer (vesicles bud off)</p>
98
New cards

cytoskeleton of eukaryotes

made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, allowing the cell to maintain its shape, move, divide, and organize its internal components efficiently (polymerized into chains)

-Actin (red) used for muscle contraction; cause motion inside of cell contract and change shape

-microtubules (green) can grow, push, pull

<p>made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, allowing the cell to maintain its shape, move, divide, and organize its internal components efficiently (polymerized into chains)</p><p>-Actin (red) used for muscle contraction; cause motion inside of cell contract and change shape</p><p>-microtubules (green) can grow, push, pull</p>
99
New cards

Vacuoles

storage sites for water food, enzymes and waste, lipid enclosed space, vary in size/func

100
New cards

Central vacuoles

provide turgor pressure