LibEd 3600
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75 Terms
Primate Order
A group of mammals that includes humans and other primates, characterized by shared traits and common ancestry.
Specialized
An organism or biological trait that is adapted to live only under specific conditions or for a specific function.
Generalized
An organism or biological trait that is adapted to live under various conditions or capable of multiple functions.
Ecological niches
The specific role or position that a species occupies within an ecosystem, based on its interactions with the environment and other species.
Economy of Nature
Referring to the allocation and utilization of resources by different species in order to survive and thrive.
Generalized features
Traits that are common among primates as a whole, including retention of 5 digits, flexible hands and feet, erectness, generalized dental pattern, lack of specialization in diet, emphasis on vision, expansion and complexity of the brain, longer period of gestation and infancy, and association of adult males with the group.
Common Ancestry
The idea that all species within a group share a common ancestor and have evolved from it.
Blueprints
Variations of a basic design or structure that serve as the foundation for the evolution of different forms within a group.
Homology
Similarities in anatomical structures among organisms that are based on common evolutionary descent.
Adaptation
The process by which species modify
Favorable variations
Variations in size, strength, running ability, etc. that give individuals an advantage over others in certain circumstances.
Inherited
Passed on from one generation to the next.
Evolution
The process by which successful variations over long periods of time lead to the modification of species or the rise of new species.
Industrial Melanism
The phenomenon of moths changing colors in response to environmental changes.
Normal Distribution
A statistical distribution where the majority of values cluster around the mean, resulting in a bell-shaped curve.
Preadaptation
An individual that is well adapted to deal with new environmental conditions by pure chance.
Biological variations
Differences in traits and characteristics among individuals of a species.
Natural selection
The process by which certain traits are favored and passed on to future generations.
Primates
Social animals that live in social organizations and have their survival and reproduction modulated by their social interactions.
Life history
The reproductive development, behaviors, post-reproduction behaviors, and lifespan of organisms shaped by natural selection.
Adaptive radiation
The multiplication of the number of species in a short geological time period.
Speciation
The evolutionary process that produces new species from previous ones.
Biological Species Concept
Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
Anthropoids
The group of primates that includes monkeys and apes.
New World Monkeys
Monkeys found in Central and South America, characterized by a prehensile tail and three premolars.
Old World Monkeys
Monkeys found in Africa and Asia, characterized by a dental formula of 2:1:2:3 and no prehensile tail.
Common ancestry
The hypothesis that New World Monkeys and Old World Monkeys share a common ancestor.
Evolutionary convergence
The hypothesis that New World Monkeys and Old World Monkeys evolved similar traits due to similar selective forces in their respective environments.
Niche
A specific ecological role or position occupied by an organism in its environment.
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation or prediction based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for further investigation.
Adaptive versatility
The ability of an organism to adapt and thrive in various environments or conditions.
Natural selection
The process by which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over time, based on their impact on survival and reproduction.
Extinction
The complete disappearance of a species or group of organisms from the Earth.
Prosimians
A group of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.
Monkeys
A group of primates that includes Old World monkeys and New World monkeys.
Apes
A group of primates that includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.
Sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
Gibbons
A type of ape found in Southeast Asia, known for their brachiation (hanging under branches) mode of locomotion.
Orangutans
A type of ape found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, known for their large size and sexual dimorphism.
Gorillas
The largest living primates, found in central Africa, known for their knuckle-walking locomotion and one-male group social structure.
Chimpanzees
A type of ape found in Africa, known for their complex behaviors, including hunting and tool use.
Humans
The species Homo sapiens, characterized by their upright bipedal gait, opposable thumbs, and large brain size.
Opposable thumbs
The ability to bring the thumb in contact with the other fingers, allowing for precise grasping and manipulation.
Naked apes
A term used to refer to humans, highlighting their lack of fur compared to other primates.
Cranial features
Characteristics of the skull, including braincase shape, browridges, and facial structure.
Prognathic
Having a projecting or protruding snout or jaw.
Sagittal crest
A ridge of bone running along the top of the skull, providing attachment for chewing muscles.
Canines
The pointed teeth located between the incisors and premolars, often used for tearing and puncturing.
Fission-fusion societies
Social groups that regularly split apart and come together, with individuals forming different subgroups.
Homo
The genus to which humans belong.
Speciation
The process by which new species arise from existing ones.
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
Convergent evolution
The independent evolution of similar traits or characteristics in unrelated species, often due to similar environmental pressures.
Evolutionary divergence
When two species do not look alike but share a recent common ancestor.
Phylogenetic analyses
The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Phenetics
A school of phylogenetic analysis that treats all features equally and compares overall similarities and differences.
Cladistics
A school of phylogenetic analysis that distinguishes between "primitive" and "derived" features and selects or weights traits to find more revealing features.
Primitive trait
A trait at the root of all species.
Derived trait
A trait that goes beyond the primitive trait.
one female and her offspring (males are available, but do not spend time around). Usually a closed system. Males are seeing if the females are ready for reproduction.
a single reproducing female and several sexually active males. Children stick around until they become sexually mature
a single adult male along with several females and their offspring (increases chances to get his genes into the world.)
several adult males, numerous females, and the offspring (potential internal competition)
2 MYA
Pliocene
5 MYA
Miocene
24 MYA
Oligocene
37 MYA
Eocene
58 MYA
Paleocene
65 MYA
molar and premolar teeth with sharp cusps and very well-developed shearing crests useful for breaking up insect skeletons which can be hard. Shaped like 2-peak mountains. Common among prosimians
Gum eaters
specialized incisor teeth forwardly projecting (dental comb) for digging holes in bark. Not rare among prosimians.
Leaf eaters
small incisors (leaves require little incisive preparation) and molar teeth with well-developed shearing crests but somewhat rounded cusps useful for breaking up tough fibrous leaves. 4 small pointed teeth. Common among monkeys/apes
Fruit eaters
relatively large incisors for ingesting fruits (the first bite in the fruit) and simple molar teeth with low cusps for crushing and pulping soft fruits. Not very peaked teeth. Common among monkeys/ape