Anesthesia Mid Term 2025

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50 Terms

1
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What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

An agonist binds to a receptor and activates it, producing a response, while an antagonist binds to a receptor but blocks or dampens the response.

2
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What is the difference between analgesia and anesthesia?

Analgesia is pain relief without loss of consciousness, while anesthesia induces a loss of sensation and possibly consciousness.

3
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What happens when incompatible drugs are mixed in one syringe?

They may precipitate, inactivate each other or cause harmful reactions.

4
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Why do we administer premedication?

To provide sedation, reduce stress, decrease anesthetic requirements, and manage pain.

5
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Rank IM, IV, and SQ administration in terms of speed and duration of action.

  • IV = fastest onset, shortest duration

  • IM = faster onset, shorter duration

  • SQ = slowest onset, longest duration

6
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What are the effects and side effects of Acepromazine?

Effects: Sedation, pre-anesthetic tranquilizer (no pain relief), anti-emetic, prevents histamine release, smooths induction/recovery.

Side effects: dose-dependent hypotension, peripheral vasodilation, lowers seizure threshold. (No reversal agent, metabolized by liver, slowly crosses placenta)

7
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What are the effects and side effects of benzodiazepines?

They include: Diazepam, Midazolam, Zolazepam

Effects: Calming & anti-anxiety (only in old/ill patients), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation (cats/ruminants), potentiates anesthetics, minimal cardiovascular/respiratory effects, no pain control.

Side Effects: Poor sedative in healthy animals, no analgesia, diazepam not water-soluble (canâ€t mix with certain drugs), must be stored properly (light-sensitive, no plastic).

8
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What are the effects and side effects of alpha-2 agonists?

They include: Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine, Dexmedetomidine

Effects: Dose-dependent sedation, mild analgesia, muscle relaxation; used as a pre-med for anesthesia or minor procedures; reversible with alpha-2 antagonists (Atipamezole, Yohimbine, Tolazoline).

Side Effects: Bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction (pale MM), hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias (AV block); later phase can cause hypotension and decreased cardiac output; sedation is dose-dependent, but patients can still react/bite.

9
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What are the effects and side effects of opioids?

They include: Morphine, Hydromorphone, Fentanyl, Buprenorphine, Butorphanol

Effects: Sedation in dogs, CNS stimulation in cats, horses, ruminants (use lower dose), analgesia (best with full mu agonists for severe pain), used as a premed for painful surgery.

Side Effects: Bradycardia, respiratory depression, dysphoria, excitement, anxiety, GI slowdown, dose-dependent effects; reversed with Naloxone.

10
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What kind of drugs are buprenorphine and butorphanol?

Buprenorphine: Partial mu agonist, provides moderate pain relief with a longer duration, but less potent than full mu agonists. Schedule III.

Butorphanol: Kappa agonist, mu antagonist, provides mild analgesia, good sedation, and cough suppression. Schedule IV.

11
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What is neuroleptanalgesia?

A state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by a combination of an opioid and a tranquilizer. (e.g., Acepromazine (tranquilizer) + Butorphanol (opioid))

12
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What are the effects and contradictions of Propofol?

Effects: Dose-dependent CNS depression (sedation to anesthesia), no analgesia, cardiac depressant (transient hypotension), respiratory depressant (possible apnea—give slowly).

Contraindications: Hypoproteinemic animals (highly protein-bound), may cause excitement if given too slowly.

13
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How does ketamine differ from other anesthetics?

It maintains muscle tone, causes eyes to remain open, and increases heart rate.

14
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What is the Ketamine-Diazepam combination used for?

Induction; provides muscle relaxation and smooth recovery

15
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What is the difference between sedation and tranquilization?

Sedation: reduces mental activity and causes sleepiness (Decreased responsiveness to external stimuli)

Tranquilization: reduces anxiety without reduction of mental activity (Calming effect w/o sleepiness)

16
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Why is balanced anesthesia important?

It minimizes side effects and enhances patient stability by using multiple drug classes.

17
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What is the difference between E and H tanks?

E tank: Small and portable

H tank: Large and stationary

18
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Where do you measure the flowmeter reading if there is a ball?

At the center of the ball

19
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What are the functions of the vaporizer and pop-off valve?

Vaporizer: Converts liquid anesthetic into gas.

Pop-off valve: Prevents excessive pressure in the system.

20
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What are soda lime granules made of, and what do they do?

Made of calcium hydroxide; they absorb CO2.

21
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What is the difference between passive and active scavenging?

Passive: Uses gravity/ventilation to remove waste gases.

Active: Connected to a building source. Uses a vacuum system.

22
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What are WAGs?

Waste Anesthetic Gases that must be scavenged to prevent exposure

23
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What is atelectasis?

Collapse of lung alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange

24
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What are the goals of general anesthesia?

That the patient doesn’t move, isn’t aware, doesn’t feel pain, has no memory of the procedure, and survives.

25
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What are the stages of anesthesia?

Stage 1: Period of voluntary movement

Stage 2: Period of involuntary movement

Stage 3: Period of surgical anesthesia (Plane 2 = ideal for surgery, “Goldilocks plane”)

Stage 4: Overdose

26
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What are some common reflexes monitored under anesthesia?

  • Auricular: ear flick

  • Pedal: withdrawal

  • Palpebral: blink

  • Corneal: used for euthanasia

  • Laryngeal: reflex should be gone for ET tube.

  • Anal tone

  • Jaw tone

27
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How do eye position and pupil size change during anesthesia?

Initially central, then ventromedial in surgical anesthesia, the central again if too deep.

28
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How do you monitor circulation, ventilation, and oxygenation?

Circulation: HR and rhythm, pulse strength, CRT, MM color, and BP

Ventilation: RR and depth, breath sounds, end-expired CO2 levels, arterial carbon dioxide, and blood pH

Oxygenation: MM color, CRT, hemoglobin saturation (Pulse Ox) , inspired oxygen and arterial blood oxygen.

29
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What is the difference between hypoventilation and hyperventilation?

Hypoventilation: Slow, shallow breathing, CO2 retention

Hyperventilation: Fast breathing, CO2 depletion

30
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What is the formula for tidal volume?

Tidal Volume (TV): 10-15 mL/kg x Body Weight (BW in kg)

31
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What is the normal ETCO2 for a patient under general anesthesia?

35 - 55 mmHg

32
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What is hypercarbia and hypocarbia?

Hypercarbia: High CO2, caused by hypoventilation

Hypocarbia: Low CO2, caused by hyperventilation

33
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What are the lower limits for HR, RR, and BP under general anesthesia?

HR: Dog 60BPM, Cat 100BPM, Horse 25BMP

RR: Average 8 breaths per min

BP: Small animals MAP > 60mmHg, Horse MAP >70mmHg

34
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What does pulse oximetry measure?

Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the blood

35
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What belongs in each SOAP section?

(S)ubjective: Patient History, Owner Concerns

(O)bjective: What you can see and measure

(A)ssessment: Diagnosis

(P)lan: Treatment

36
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What is the role of the LVT before surgery?

Prepare equipment, calculate drug doses, premed + IV Cath, intubate, and monitor patient stability

37
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What should be on a consent form?

  • Medications given/not given

  • Last meal (fasted?)

  • Procedure details & risks

  • CPR code (permission to preform)

  • Written Estimate

  • Owner’s signature, contact info, and availability

38
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Why is fasting important before anesthesia?

By doing so can prevent: Esophageal reflux, vomiting, regurgitation, and pulmonary aspiration pneumonia

39
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What is a Minimum Patient Database?

Baseline patient health info.

Includes: patient history, physical exam, and preanesthetic diagnostic workup (varies by age/signalment). May include PCV, TP, glucose, CBC, biochemistry, electrolytes, fecal, HWT, radiographs, ECG, +/- ultrasound.

40
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How do you assess hydration?

Skin turgor, placement of eye in orbit, MM color, CRT, MM moisture level, HR and pulse strength.

41
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What are the different fluid compartments in the body?

Intracellular (ICF) - fluid within the cells themselves

Extracellular (ECF) - is made up of:

  • Vascular - fluid that is found in the blood vessels

  • Interstitial - fluid between the cells

42
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What is the difference between crystalloids and colloid fluids?

Crystalloids: Small molecules, that may contain dextrose/buffers and are used for fluid replacement (e.g., LRS, Normosol-R, saline, dextrose solutions). Can shift between compartments.

Colloids: Large molecules, replace albumin, stay in intravascular space, used for blood volume & pressure support (e.g., Hetastarch, plasma, whole blood).

43
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When do we use dextrose-containing fluids?

Used to support blood sugar levels. (For hypoglycemia or neonates)

44
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What are signs of overhydration?

  • Ocular and nasal discharge

  • Chemosis (swelling of the conjunctiva)

  • Subcutaneous edema (swollen limbs)

  • Increased lung sounds, pulmonary edema.

  • Increased respiratory rate and dyspnea

  • Coughing and restlessness if the patient is awake

  • Hemodilution (a decrease in blood cell concentration due to an increase in plasma volume)

45
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What are the ASA anesthetic risk categories?

ASA 1: Healthy - minimal risk

ASA 2: Mild systemic disease - slight risk (neonate, geriatric, mild dehydration)

ASA 3: Obvious systemic disease - moderate risk (anemia, Low grade cardiac disease, liver disease)

ASA 4: Severe systemic disease - high risk (shock, emaciation, high fever, uncompensated heart disease)

ASA 5: A state of near death *a patient not expected to survive w/o sx - extreme risk (severe trauma, profound shock, advanced heart disease)

46
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What is the role of the LVT in analgesia?

  • Monitor and assess pain — report to DVM

  • administer and log analgesics

  • observe during recovery

  • educate owners on home pain management.

47
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What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?

Somatic pain: From bones, joints, muscles, or skin; localized, sharp, aching, or throbbing.

Visceral pain: From organ stretching, distention, or inflammation; deep, cramping, aching, or gnawing, poorly localized.

48
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What are nociception and pain threshold?

Nociception: Pain receptors that transduce noxious stimuli into electrical impulses.

Pain threshold: Level at which pain is perceived.

49
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What is preemptive analgesia?

Administering analgesics before painful stimulation to prevent sensitization and improve postoperative pain management.

50
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What is multimodal analgesia?

The use of multiple drugs with different actions to optimize pain control and reduce side effects.