Studied by 18 people
agents of socialization
name that describes the social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values
anonymity/confidentiality
The ethical obligation to keep research participants' identities secret, and information about them should be disguised or masked to prevent identification of sources
Breaching Experiments (Garfinkel)
Experiments that violate the established social order to assess how people construct social reality
Chester (1985)
This sociologist claims family diversity is exaggerated, and argues that most people in more industrialized societies will find themselves living in a nuclear family at some stage in their lives.
Conflict Theory
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
conspicuous consumption
Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
content analysis
a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film
Cooley
Developed the looking glass self
cultural capital
the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
Dark side of family life
Feminist scholars phrase for things like domestic violence, child abuse, and incest
deception
misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
Deviance
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
dramaturgical approach
Approach where individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience
Dual burden
When someone does both paid work and a significant amount of the domestic labour, such as housework at home. According to radical feminists, it is mainly women who suffer this.
Durkheim
Authored one of the first studies of suicide
Ecological valid
Data is said to have this when it is more likely to reflect naturally occurring responses, or responses you would see in the real world
Emile Durkheim (believed in functionalism)
Believed in functionalism and the scientific method; saw society as a set of independent parts that maintain a system but each separate part has a function
Engels, Friedrich
(1820-1895) German socialist and co-author of The Communist Manifesto.
Ethnography
the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have
Ethnomethodology (Garfinkel)
the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life
experimental design
A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect relationship
experimenter bias
a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
Expressive role (Parsons)
Family member who provides emotional support and nurturing associated with females.
Falsifiability
if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong
field experiment
An experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV.
Auguste Comte
French mathematician and philosopher; coined the term sociology
gender roles
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex.
George Herbert Mead; Harold Blumer
The two figures most associated with symbolic interactionism
Globalization
An ongoing process which involves the increasing interconnectedness and inter-dependency of the world's nations and their people into a single global economic, political and cultural system
Glocalization
the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.
grounded theory
an inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
hegemony
High Modernity
The later stages of modern societies identified by Beck, associated with manufactured risks to the ecology of the planet and high levels of individualisation
ideological power
The power to set principles and ideas that benefit the dominant group
informed consent
giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Instrumental role (Parsons)
the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure
Isolated nuclear family
another name for nuclear family which is relatively self sufficient and has few contacts with extended kin (Parsons)
labeling theory
theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
laboratory experiment
research investigation in which investigators create a situation with exact conditions in order to control some variables and manipulate others
late capitalism
A form of capitalism emerging in the second half of the twentieth century, characterized by finance capital, globalization, and technological innovation
Late Modernity
A term used by Giddens to describe the later stages of modern society, which he claims is characterized by globalization and reflexivity
law
A body of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society.
Liberal Feminism
Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex. This movement tends to seek solutions through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected.
Marxist Feminism
A feminist approach which combines feminism with Marxism to argue that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy
Max Weber
German sociologist that, amongst many other foundational ideas, took issue with Marx's focus on economic class as the main driver of inequality in society.
Modernity
A period in history or a type of society that is characterized by the use of advanced technology, believe in science, innovation and economic progress
Murdock (1949)
Argue that the family is universal in a nuclear family with a heterosexual couple and dependent children.
There is a clear division of labor between husband and wife - the husband is the breadwinner who earns for the family and the wife is the housewife who does domestic labor and childcare.
He argue that there are 4 essential functions that the family performs.
Negative Sanctions
a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity through deterring deviance
nuclear family
a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.
Operationalization
the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
Oversocialized
(as described by D. Wrong) a misleading conception of humans as passive recipients of socialization.
Parsons (functionalist)
Sociologist associated with the idea of instrumental and expressive roles
Patriarchy
Male dominance of society and the social institutions that comprise it
Positivism
Term used to describe the application of the scientific approach to the social world
Post-Modernity
social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations
primary data
information that is collected for the first time; used for solving the particular problem under investigation
privacy
The right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your own personal possessions, and not to be observed without your consent
Qualitative
Descriptive data from observations is considered ______ data
qualitative and secondary
Anne Frank's diary can be considered these two types of data:
Qualitative Research Methods
research in which the emphasis is placed on observing, describing, and interpreting people's behavior
Quantitative Research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Radical Feminism
The belief that women's inequality underlies all other forms of inequality, including economic inequality.
Realism
This view of science, while accepting that there are basic differences between the social and natural worlds, maintains that a social science is possible. It argues that events in both the social and natural worlds are produced by underlying structures and mechanisms. Fortunately, from this view, we can uncover and explain these structures and mechanisms.
Reflexivity
The state of being able to examine one's own feelings, reactions, and motives for acting and being able to adjust one's behavior or identity accordingly (Giddens)
Relativism
the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.
Reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings
Reliability
Qualitative research tends to lack ____.
Reliability and Validity
The names for two techniques for evaluating the relationship between measured and conceptual variables
Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Reproductive Rights
the right to reproductive health care and the right to reproductive self-determination
Resistance
Individual or group opposition to social control
response rate
The percentage of the sample that participates in the research.
response rate bias
Threat to the representativeness of a sample that occurs when some participants selected to respond to a survey systematically fail to complete the survey (e.g., due to failure to complete a lengthy questionnaire or to comply with a request to participate in a phone survey).
rite of passage
a category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or a group
Sample
a subset of the population
Self, and social identity
According to Mclaughlin, these two components make up a person's identity
Semiology
the study of cultural meanings embedded in media forms, often used to explore and interpret 'hidden meanings' embedded within texts
snowball sample
a sample in which respondents are asked to identify additional members of a population
social class
a group of people in a society who are considered nearly equal in status or community esteem, who regularly socialize among themselves both formally and informally, and who share behavioral norms
social closure
a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others
Social Controls
Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place
social desirability bias
the tendency for people to say what they believe to be a socially appropriate or acceptable response
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social facts
Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior
Social Identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
social mores
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior in a culture
Social structure
The system of social institutions and patterned relations between large social groups
Socialization
The processes through which people learn about the norms, rules and laws of society
Stabilization of adult personalities
Parsons role of the family, this is to maintain psychological health of adults allowing them to relax. Also known as the warm bath theory.
Structuration
theory, developed by Giddens, which argues that structure and action are equally significant in terms of our ability to understand the relationship between the individual and society
Subculture
the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
Superstructure (Marx)
the institutions controlled by the bourgeoisie that perpetuate the system of exploitation
Symbolic Interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
Power
The ability to direct or influence the behavior of others, despite resistance
Opportunity
The number of desirable options available to an individual or group in a particular society
Social Change
The transition from one form of social arrangement, or type of society, to another
Culture
The way of life of a particular group or society
Thomas Kuhn
Defined normal science, established paradigms, wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Traditional society
A type of society based on an agricultural economy where behavior is regulated by largely unchanging customs and beliefs
Note
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