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christopher columbus
1451-1506
Genoan navigator who believed that he discovered a new route to China and India by sailing west instead of going around Africa. sponsored by the king and queen of Spain
denied that he found new land; thought it was just a different part of Asia
age of exploration
1415-1600
worldwide phenomenon led by multiple European nations where they explored and mapped the world
incremental progress in art and technology of navigation. spread of ideas, cultures, and technologies. start of the transatlantic slave trade
claudius ptolemy
1000 AD, Alexandria Egypt
believed that there was just Europe, Asia and Africa and the rest was ocean
believed that the Atlantic ocean was the “sea of darkness” and had a doubtful mindset about it
ottoman empire
1299-1922
longest-lasting and most powerful empires in history
spread of islamic culture, art, and architecture
mansa musa
1280-1337
one of the richest men to ever live - gold
king of the Mali empire
Zheng He’s treasure fleet
1405-1433
most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen and technology (compass)
1405: emperor Yongle (ming dynasty) commissioned an enormous fleet to explore the Indian ocean. did for the next 28 years. contacts with east africa, established tribute and trade
the renaissance
1400-1600
period of cultural, artistic, intellectual, and scientific rebirth in Europe, following the Middle Ages.
printing press: helped spread news and knowledge from discoveries
lateen sail
one of a significant inventions of the age of exploration
triangular sail supported by a beam at the top, allowed ships to sail close to the wind when needed
nation-state
political entity where a group of people (nation) share a common culture, language, and history and are governed by a single government within a defined territory (state)
prince Henry of Portugal
1394-1460
key figure in the Age of Exploration. sponsored and advanced exploration, helping Portugal become a leading maritime power
beringia
vast land bridge that connected Siberia and alaska during the ice age. played a key role in human migration and the movement of animals between continents
agricultural revolution
5000-3000 BC
development of horticulture, ceramics, basketry, more sedentary lifestyles, larger settlements
“three sisters”: corn, beans, and squash. foundation of early native American subsistence
moundbuilders
various ancient native American cultures that constructed large earthen mounds for various purposes, including burial, religious rituals, and residential areas
adena-hopewell culture of the northeast
800 BC- 600 AD
contributed significantly to the development of the moundbuilder tradition
mississippian culture of the southeast and midwest
AD 600-1500
most advanced and influential native American cultures in north America before European contact
cahokia
ancestral Pueblo (huhugam)
400 BC - present
known for their advanced agricultural practices, complex social organization, and impressive architectural agricultural practices
built complex networks or roads and irrigation canals and aqueducts; practiced agricultural in arid desert environments
cahokia
around 1054 AD
was bigger than london
along mississippi river, outside st. louis
20,000-30,000 people
slow migration out of the city; people formed smaller groups
Chaco Canyon (new mexico)
massive, fertile religious and trade center of ancestral puebloans
tenochtitlan (mexico city)
aztec capital
200-300,000 inhabitants
one of the largest metropolis in the world. became a powerful center of political, economic, and cultural influence
built on a lake texcoco with elaborate irrigation
the aztec (mexica) empire
1420-1519
large advanced pre-Columbian indian empire
nahuatl speakers
expanded and conquered neighbors in less than 100 years
advanced technologies
fine arts and much gold and silver
inca empire (Peru)
worshiped gold (sun)
known for its sophisticated political, economical, and social systems as well as its achievements in agriculture, architecture, and engineering
protestant reformation
1517-1540s
religious and political movement that led to the creation of Protestantism. challenged the authority of the Catholic church and led to the formation of various new Christian denominations
driven by criticisms of church practices, doctrinal disputes, and calls for religious reform
el dorado
mythical city of gold. colonizers hoped to find other rich civilizations, major driving force for europeans exploration and conquests in the americas
treaty of Todesillas
1494
spain and portugal effectively “split” the new world among themselves with the approval of the Catholic pope
colombian exchange
a biological movement of plants, animals, and disease between the eastern and western hemispheres that was more positive for europe
the black legend
propaganda campaign that aimed to portray the Spanish empire in a negative light. depicted spain as cruel
ajacan mission
1570
earliest attempts by the spanish to establish a Christian mission in north America. goal was to convert the indigenous ajacan tribe to Christianity and establish a spanish presence in the region. mission ended tragically and is remembered for its violent and disastrous conclusion
fort carolina (French Florida)
1563
french colonial settlement. played a significant role in the early attempts by France to establish a foothold in north America
one of the first french settlements in the Americas and became the site of a key conflict between European powers as the french and Spanish vied for control of the region
roanoke “the lost colony”
1585-90
establishment of the first english colony in north america which mysteriously disappeared by the time a supply ship returned three years later in 1590
church of England (Angelica church)
national church of England and one of the oldest protestant denominations in the world. emerged during the 16th century as a result of political, religious, and social changes, particularly those related to the reign of king henry VIII
joint stock companies
business organization in which private investors financed colonial efforts in the name of England. settlers were technically employed by the company and expected to turn a profit
the Virginia company of london
1606
joint stock company with the primary purpose of establishing settlements in the new world, specifically in Virginia. played a crucial role in the early colonization of north America and the establishment of jamestown
jamestown
1607
first permanent English colony established by the Virginia company of london
had a difficult start:
less than half would be alive the following year. disease, “starving time” in 1609-1610
poor location
social composition of colony (laziness), many of the settlers were gentlemen (unaccustomed to physical labor), and there was little focus on farming or building a sustainable colony
internal division/leadership problems
increasing conflicts with Powhatan Indians
settled where they did (near the chesapeake) to try to avoid Spanish invasion. ended up being a mistake due to the swampy conditions
powhatan confederacy (Algonquins)
confederation of over 30 Algonquian speaking tribes, under the leadership of Powhatan
played a significant role in the early history of jamestown
initial interactions with English settlers were cooperative and conflict. the continued expansion of English colonies led to the decline of the powhatans
tobacco economy
introduced as the prime staple crop in VA by John Rolfe (pocahontas’ husband)
unstable, boom and bust
used enslaved people, some of the first enslaved people we have record of in the colonies worked on tobacco
indentured servitude
form of debt bondage (different from slavery) and the main source of contract labor in the 17th century
laborers signed a contract in which they agreed to a fixed term of labor in exchange for free passage to america
the worker in effect gave up their freedom to their master and in return they gave food, shelter, etc
opechancanough’s attack
1622
opechancanough, the leader of the powhatan confederacy after chief powhatan’s death led a surprise attack on english settlements in Virginia
the attack shocked the english and led to retaliation. over the next decade, the settlers launched a brutal campaign against the powhatan
puritanism
religious movement that emerged as a response to perceived corruption and lingering catholic influences in the church of england
sought to “purify” the church and live according to strict biblical principles
plymouth colony
1620
first puritan emigration to America, 1620: 150 settlers on board the mayflower settle in New England and founded plymouth colony as an independent religious colony.
the great migration
1629-1640
sponsored by the Massachusetts bay company founded Boston. leader: John Winthrop (reformist puritan). used charter as basis of government
charter
a formal document issued by a government or ruling authority that grants rights, privileges, or authority to an individual, company, or colony
john winthrop
1630
puritan leader and the first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony
established a theocratic government where puritan church leaders held great influence
Massachusetts bay company
1629
joint stock company chartered by king Charles I
founded by puritans seeking religious freedom from the church of england
led by John winthrop
established Boston as the colony’s main city
helped establish new england’s economy, based on farming, fishing, and trade
squanto
member of patuxet tribe who played a crucial role in helping the pilgrims survive in the early years of the Plymouth colony
translated for the pilgrims and the wampanoag, taught the pilgrims skills like planting corn, hunting, fishing, and how to forge alliances
wampanoag nation
when the pilgrims arrived in 1620, they settled in an abandoned patuxet village. formed a peace treaty with the pilgrims which led to a short period of peace including the “first Thanksgiving”
king phillip’s war
1675-76
named after metacom, the chief of the wampanoag
causes: loss territory, cultural tensions
plymouth colonist kill 3 wampanoag chiefs - escalation of violence on both sides: deadly raids
metacom led a native resistance against the English. one of the bloodiest conflicts in American history
wampanoag were defeated, and many were killed, enslaved, or forced off their land
proprietary (restoration) colonies
land grants given by the English crown to individuals or groups, who were given full control to govern the colony as they saw fit
Carolina and georgia
headright system
head of household gets 50 acres aswell as 50 more acres for each person they bring from England to the colonies
wealthy middle class people
“the society of friends” quakers
members of the '“society of friends” - founded 1630s in England by George fox. considered as religious radicals and political dissenters and persecuted
belief in inner light - reject predestiantion
pacifists, “turn the other cheek”, dislike slavery, no guns
no organized clergy - weekly meetings and “public friends”; reject officials “oaths”
equality men/women
benevolent attitude towards indians
william penn
1681
founded the colony of Pennsylvania
king gives a land charter to william Penn to repay debt owed to his father, admiral Penn, a prominent English nobleman.
was jailed several times for his quaker beliefs
"known as “the best poor man’s country”: offered more opportunities for success than any other colonies
new Amsterdam (new Netherlands)
1609-1664
dutch colony based on amicable trade relations with Iroquois league
1626=settle Manhattan (called “new Amsterdam) and expand along hudson river valley
dutch built a global commercial empire in the 17th century: controlled shipping of most exports from American colonies and Caribbean and slave trade
took control of the new sweden colony (Delaware river valley) in 1655
mixed population: it was said that by 1650 you could hear more than a dozen languages spoken on manhattan island
carolinas
north and south Carolina were founded in the 1670s by a group of Lord proprietors (favorites of the king)
they delegated the colonization and settlement of the Carolinas to white planters from barbados
1670: the first 3 ships with 200 colonists from Barbados arrived. charles towne (Charleston) founded
incentives: religious toleration, political participation (assembly). land grants, tax exemption
first colonies to begin with slavery as the main labor system
“black majority”
carolinas were the first maintain colonies to reach “black majority”. majority of the population in certain colonial regions of the Americas
slave codes
laws passed in colonial America and the early us that defined the status of slaves and the rights of masters. designed to regulate the behavior of enslaved people of enslaved people and ensure that they remained property rather than people
the glorious revolution
1688-1689
political event in England where king James II was overthrown and replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband William III of Orange
established a constitutional monarchy, limited royal power and increased parliamentary authority
the salem witch trials
1692
massachusettes, new england
well established families accused widowed women, women who didn’t go to church, etc, of being a witch
several girls started behaving strangely, said to have been victims of witchcraft by an African women named tituba
342 accused witches, 19 people hanged, several more died in jail. 50 confessed and were spared
not sure what actually caused it
bacon’s rebellion
1676
nathaniel bacon led a rebellion and tried to overthrow the governor of Jamestown, william berkeley, because he was mistreating the lower class, high taxes, and supported slavery
bacons rebellion led to heavier slave laws to try and prevent a future raid/rebellion
the Atlantic system
aka the triangular trade
first phase (1500-1600s): based on extraction of natural commodities with high value to volume ratio (gold, rare wood)
second phase 1700s: based on cultivation of often non native commodities with lower value to volume ratio. less investment intensive but more labor intensive (slavery)
colonies become important markets for goods after 1700
mercantilism
most popular economic theory and related government policies in late 17th and 18th century europe
strong central policies (imperial government) and regulations (taxes/monopolies)
maximizes domestic production (especially raw materials from the colonies) and acquiring “bullions” (gold/silver reserve)
minimizes foreign imports and dependence
fosters international competition (and wars over land base) and shapes diplomacy with native Americans
colonial nationalism
sense of pride among colonists in belonging to British empire, and feeling of being crucial to that empire:
best government/balance of powers
protestantism
commerce (english empire)
navigation acts
1600s
series of laws passed by the English parliament to regulate colonial trade and ensure that England benefited economically from its American colonies.
were part of mercantilism
consumer (market) revolution of the 1700s
period of economic and cultural change in which there was a significant increase in the availability and consumption of goods
driven by increased trade, industrial production, and a growing middle class that demanded luxury and everyday goods
sugar plantations
grown in tropical areas (Caribbean and Brazil). made rum from molasses
backbone of the slave trade and the atlantic system
millions of enslaved africans were forcibly transported through the middle passage to work on sugar plantations
slaves endured harsh conditions, including long hours, dangerous machinery, and brutal punishments
the Atlantic slave trade
forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas
major part of the atlantic trade system
ships were overcrowded and filthy where enslaved people were packed tightly in chains. high mortality rates due to disease, malnutrition, and brutal treatment
rebellions were attempted, but most were violently suppressed
aka the middle passage
scots-irish
emigrated to north America in the 18th century to avoid increase in rents and enjoy trading privileges. sought religious freedom, land opportunities, and economic independence
the enlightenment
european movement: profound intellectual and scientific revolution
emphasis on reason, science, and progress
find mathematical laws hidden in the world; reject religious superstitions; develop scientific/empirical methods
Benjamin Franklin
founded a Boston print shop and published the new England courant
also founded JUNTO, a scientific club for mutual improvement, to spread ideas of the enlightenment. there were members in all colonies
the consumer (market) revolution
rapid expansion of consumer goods and economic changes that took place in Britain and the American colonies. people increasingly bought manufactured goods and participated in a broader market economy
colonists gained access to British imports, such as tea, sugar, and printed fabrics
the first great awakening
mid 1730s-1740s
large spontaneous religious revival - evangelical preaching, and a break from traditional church authority
rejected established churches (Anglican) in favor of new denominations like baptists and methodists
George Whitefield
1714-1770
most famous itinerant preacher of the great awakening
toured all of the colonies to spread his message of evangelical Christianity and laid the foundation for baptist and Methodist movements
criticized corrupt clergy and religious formalism, encouraging people to seek personal relationships with God
old lights and new lights
old lights: traditionalists
opposed the emotionalism of the great awakening
favored traditional, formal worship, and intellectual sermons
mostly from older protestant denominations
viewed revivalist preachers like George Whitefield as too radical
new lights: revivalists
supported the enthusiastic, emotional preaching of the great awakening
emphasized personal conversion, repentance, and being “born again”
challenged traditional church authority, believing that faith came from personal experience, not rituals
led to new denominations, such as baptists and methodists
George whitefield
john locke
1632-1704
influential thinkers of the enlightenment
his ideas directly influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing the declaration of independence
laid the foundation for liberal democracy and modern political philosophy
thomas jefferson
1743-1826
primary author of the declaration of independence
believed in small government, individual liberty, and states’ rights
Thomas Paine
1776
common sense: argued for independence from Britain, called the British government corrupt and said America should govern itself, used simple, direct language, making his arguments accessible to common people. sold over 500,000 copies
political philosopher, writer, and revolutionary. pamphlets played a crucial role in motivating colonists to fight against British rule
seven years’ war
1754-1763
global conflict between britain and France, started over territorial disputes, trade rivalry, & European power struggles.
britain emerges as the dominant world power, France lost nearly all its north American colonies
the Albany plan
1754
proposed by Ben Franklin to create a unified government for the American colonies during the early years of the french and Indian war; join or die
it failed bc colonies and Britain rejected it. colonies feared losing control over their own affairs, britain worried it would give colonies too much power
proclamation line of 1763
law issued by king george III that banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian mountains. meant to prevent conflicts with Native Americans after the seven years’ war
stamp act
1764- repealed 1766
became the first and most significant taxation crisis leading up to the revolution
british law that placed a direct tax on printed materials
“no taxation without representation”
boycotts, sons of liberty
townshend revenue act
1767-1770
series of british laws that placed import taxes on goods shipped to the American colonies. increased tensions between Britain and the colonies, bringing the colonies closer to revolution
non-importation (boycott)
colonist and sons of liberty boycotted and rioted
the Boston massacre
march 5, 1770
violent confrontation between British soldiers and american colonists in Boston. tensions were high due to the presence of British troops enforcing the Townshend acts
sons of liberty
civilian extralegal group (often secretly) - generally made up of artisans, craftsmen, small landowners
violent acts to pressure people in nonimportantion and against british officials
sons of liberty in all colonies
tea act of 1773
british law that gave the British east india company the exclusive right to sell tea directly to the American colonies, which made tea cheaper colonist still had to pay British tax
led to the Boston tea party
boston tea party
dec 16, 1773
political protest by American colonist against the tea act of 1773
led by the sons of liberty
coercive acts
1774
known as the intolerable acts. laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the boston tea party. designed to punish the colony of massachusetts and assert British control, but instead united the colonies in their resistance to Britain
