TFN - LE Review

Ontology

 study of being in terms of what is and what exists

Epistemology

study of knowledge or the ways of knowing

Methodology

means of acquiring knowledge

nursing philosophy

Statements of foundations and universal assumptions, beliefs, and principles

4 metaparadigms

nursing, person, environment, health

nursing

a nursing metaparadigm that refers to attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with the client

person

a nursing metaparadigm that refers to the recipient of nursing clients (families, groups, and communities)

environment

a nursing metaparadigm that refers to the internal and external surroundings

health

a nursing metaparadigm that refers to the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences

substantive

information is well-collected

discipline

 specific knowledge that focus on the 4 metaparadigms

nursing science represents the nature of nursing in (3) terms:

Need to understand what nursing is, and Need to explain what nursing is all about, Use of nursing info./knowledge to benefit mankind.

nursing epistemology

The study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure, and method.

Empirics

this means the scientific form of knowledge

Empirics

Ways of Knowing referring to what is derived from observation, testing, and experience that is subjected to the scientific method of confirming the knowledge claim

TRUE

the end of empirical way of knowing is the replication of the study

Personal knowledge

Ways of Knowing referring to thoughts which are consciously derived and concerns the capacity to be introspective and to be aware of one’s inner being

Intuition

Ways of Knowing that refers to what comes from the heart (feelings), does not rely on the brain

Somatic knowledge

Ways of knowing that refers to the Knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement

Metaphysical knowledge

Ways of knowing that refers to the spiritual knowledge who believe in the higher power

Esthetics knowledge

Ways of knowing that refers to krefernowledge related to beauty, art, and creativity

Moral/Ethical knowledge

Ways of knowing that refer to knowledge of what is right and wrong

**4 Fundamental Patterns of Nursing Knowledge (Accdg. to Carper)**

empirics, ethics, personal, esthetic

Empirics

science of nursing

Ethics

moral knowledge in nursing

Personal

result of subjective maturity and experiences/encounters, hence, provides another body of knowledge

Esthetic

art of nursing

nursing methodology involves 2 studies

empirical studies and phenomenological studies

empirical studies

studies that are quantitative

phenomenological studies

studies that are qualitative and are lived experiences

TRUE

in phenomenological studies, one stops getting responses when it reaches the saturation point

women's role, men's role, religion, war

history of nursing (4)

TRUE

T/F: tradtionally, nursing is a woman's role

70s

What year did men gain acceptance in the nursing field

Steve Miller

1st to train men to be nurses; saw the need for an organization for men in nursing

Fabiola

Provided houses for the sick and homeless by using her country villa as a convalescent home for discharged hospital patients who needed shelter and rest

Knights of St. John, Teutonic Knights, Knights of St. Lazarus

3 religious groups (knights) who took care of wounded soldiers

Other name of The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

Knights Hospitaller

Knights of St. Lazarus

Care for people with leprosy, syphilis, skin conditions (communicable diseases)

Florence Nightingale

Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing.

38 nurses

How many volunteer nurses did Nightingale bring to care for the British soldiers

Lady with the Lamp

Nightingale made her rounds during the night after the medical officers had retired which gained her the name \_____

Theodor Fliedner

started one of the first training programs for nurses in Germany; provided Florence Nightingale with formal training

Deaconesses

religious women who served by helping the poor and the sick

Order of Deaconesses

Founded in Kaiserswerth, Germany. Recognized the role of women in giving services to the sick; training school for nurses

Harriet Tubman

mother of the underground railroad

Harriet Tubman

used home remedies learned from her mother, boiling cranesbill and lily roots to make a bitter-tasting brew to treat malignant fever, smallpox, and other infectious diseases

Sojourner Truth

former slave who became an abolitionist of slaves and women's rights activist

Dorothea Dix

served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Crimean, Civil, Vietnam War

3 wars wherein nurses took care of the wounded soldiers

Ernest Grant

first male president of the American Nurses Association, the nation's largest nurses organization representing the interests of the nation's 4 million registered nurses

burn-care and fire-safety

Ernest Grant is internationally recognized as a \____-\____ and \____-\____ expert

Luther Christman

Founded the American Assembly for Men in Nursing and the National Student Nurses' Association. A strong supporter for the recruitment of male nurses, believing that diversity could make the nursing profession stronger

Rush Model

Luther Christman's name is often linked to the \____ \_____, a unified approach to nursing education and practice that continues to set new standards of excellence

Mary Breckinridge

Established the Frontier Nursing Service and one of the first midwifery schools in the United States

Mary Breckinridge

pioneer in nurse-midwifery and in the development of modern nursing services in rural communities

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

birth control

Margaret Sanger coined the term _____ _______

Materia Medica

a nursing textbook of pharmacology published by Lavinia Dock

Lavinia Dock

A nursing leader and women's rights activist; instrumental in the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote despite objections from other nurses who believed nurses should not be involved politically

Lillian Wald

founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing

public health nurse

Lillian Wald coined the term \____ \____ \____

National Organization for Public Health Nursing

Lillian Wald became the first president of what national organization?

Mary Mahoney

First professionally trained black nurse to complete her professional degree

National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses

Mary Mahoney helped establish this National Association

Linda Richards

America's first professionally trained nurse

mental illnesses

Linda Richards helped to establish special institutions for those with \______ illnsesses

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

TRUE

T/F: Clara Barton established a free school but resigned when people would no longer allow a woman to run it; she doesn't want to subordinate herself to a male principal

Franco-Prussian War

What war did Clara Barton distribute relief supplies to war victims; here, she became associated with the International Red Cross

angel of the battlefield

Clara Barton is known as what?

St. Thomas's Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses

Nightingale established what hospital and school?

Middlesex hospital

In what hospital did Nightingale got promoted to the superintendent within just a year of being hired

TRUE

T/F: More soldiers were dying from infectious diseases like typhoid and cholera in the Crimean War than from injuries incurred in battle

Civil War

In what war was Nightingale frequently consulted about how to best manage field hospitals

FALSE

T/F: Theories cannot be proven

Theory

System of ideas, presumed to explain

concepts, relationship statements, assumptions, conceptual model, phenomenon/events

Components of a Theory

Concepts

Elements/building blocks of a theory

abstract concept

concepts that is not specific in terms of time and place

concrete concept

concept that is specific in terms of time and place

Relationship Statements

Statement of relationship between 2 or more concepts

proposition

Statement of relationship

hypothesis

Test validity of statement, tentative, subject to validation

laws

Statement of relationship that has been validated 

Assumptions

Beliefs pertaining to the phenomenon

Conceptual model/framework

Symbolically representation

Phenomenon/events

Designation of an event that is part of reality

silent, received, subjective, procedural, constructed, and integrated

Stages of Theory Development in Nursing

Silent Knowledge Stage

Nurses were obedient to the medical authority (blind obedience)

Aseptic technique

using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens

Received Knowledge Stage

Nursing was using borrowed theories

Subjective Knowledge Stage

More nursing leaders develop authority and so have a sense of self-worth or importance

Procedural Knowledge Stage

Application of theory into practice; leads to the identification of common elements in nursing

Constructed Knowledge Stage

Combination of different types of knowledge and information with emphasis of empirical research studies, literatures, clinical experiences

Integrated Knowledge Stage

Assimilation and application of evidence (evidence-based practice)

TRUE

T/F: Integrated knowledge stage is not hand-me-down from silent knowledge stage

ontology

study of being in terms of what is and what exists

epistemology

study of knowledge or the ways of knowing

methodology

means of acquiring knowledge