Updated Myers' Psychology for the AP® Course, 3E - Module 31

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24 Terms

1

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

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2

recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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3

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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4

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

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5

encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

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6

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time.

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7

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

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8

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.

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9

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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10

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.

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11

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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12

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

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13

explicit memory

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)

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14

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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15

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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16

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

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17

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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18

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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19

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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20

mnemonics [nih-MON-iks]

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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21

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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22

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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23

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

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24

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

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