Explanation | Reasoning | Examples |
---|---|---|
Institutional | Existing institutions may encourage violence or constrain human action, creating a violent backlash. | Presidentialism |
Ideational | Ideas may justify or promote the use of violence. | Some forms of religious fundamentalism; nationalism |
Individual | Psychological or strategic factors may lead people to carry out violence. | Humiliation; alienation |
Phase | Approach | Criticisms |
---|---|---|
First: Pre-World War II | Studies of revolutionary events | Unsystematic and descriptive |
Second: Post-World War II Behavioral Revolution | Studies of disruptive change, such as modernization, as driving revolutionary action | Not clear why change or rising discontent leads to revolution in some cases but not others |
Third: 1970s-Present | Studies of domestic and international state power as providing the opening for revolution | Too focused on institutions, to the neglect of ideas and ideas and individual actors |
Regime Type | Effect on Terrorism | Results | Risk of Terrorism |
---|---|---|---|
Authoritarianism | Authoritarianism may foster terrorism, but the state can repress domestic terrorists; the state is unhindered by civil liberties. | Limited terrorism, but may be redirected outside of the country toward more vulnerable targets. | Lower |
Democratic | Participatory institutions and civil liberties are likely to undercut public support for terrorism. | Domestic terrorism less likely, but country may be a target of international terrorism generated in nondemocratic regimes. | Moderate |
Illiberal/Transitional | Weak state capacity, instability, and limited democratic institutions may generate both opportunities and motivations for terrorism. | Terrorism more likely, due to domestic and/or international support. | Higher |
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