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Adolescent Development: The Self

Erikson: The Self in Adolescence

  • Erikson’s identity versus role confusion: Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development.

  • Self-descriptions now include contradictory traits.

  • “Trying on” different identities.

  • Positive and negative identities.

Promoting Healthy Identity Development

  • Open lines of communication

    • Teens who describe parents as “available” and “understanding”, less likely to engage in risky, dangerous behavior

    • Speak transparently but matter of fact and succinctly regarding sexual exploration

  • Establish and uphold rules and boundaries

    • Incorporating warmth, responsiveness, and control

    • Reduces drug use and risky behaviors

Development of The Self

  • Self-Esteem During Adolescence

    • Cognitive ability to compare real selves to ideal selves

    • Appearance very important to adolescents

      • Can account for 45–70% of variance in global self-esteem

  • Gender differences appear early

  • Racial and ethnic differences exist

    • Positive effects of representation, inclusion

  • Ethnic and Racial Identity

    • Racism consists of:

      • Stereotypes

      • Prejudices

      • Discrimination

        • Microaggressions

    • Institutional racism related to mental health outcomes

      • Toxic stress

    • Racial socialization

  • Online Identity

    • Experimentation with online self- presentations

    • Impression management

      • Those with lower self-esteem log in more often

    • Selfies

      • Imaginary audience

      • May contribute to narcissism

The Daily Lives of Adolescents

  • Varies culturally

  • Unstructured Time

    • Often spent using media

    • Teens stay in touch with friends online

    • Both positive and negative features of media use

      • Community involvement

      • Cyberbullying

      • Online predators

Adolescent Development: The Self

Erikson: The Self in Adolescence

  • Erikson’s identity versus role confusion: Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development.

  • Self-descriptions now include contradictory traits.

  • “Trying on” different identities.

  • Positive and negative identities.

Promoting Healthy Identity Development

  • Open lines of communication

    • Teens who describe parents as “available” and “understanding”, less likely to engage in risky, dangerous behavior

    • Speak transparently but matter of fact and succinctly regarding sexual exploration

  • Establish and uphold rules and boundaries

    • Incorporating warmth, responsiveness, and control

    • Reduces drug use and risky behaviors

Development of The Self

  • Self-Esteem During Adolescence

    • Cognitive ability to compare real selves to ideal selves

    • Appearance very important to adolescents

      • Can account for 45–70% of variance in global self-esteem

  • Gender differences appear early

  • Racial and ethnic differences exist

    • Positive effects of representation, inclusion

  • Ethnic and Racial Identity

    • Racism consists of:

      • Stereotypes

      • Prejudices

      • Discrimination

        • Microaggressions

    • Institutional racism related to mental health outcomes

      • Toxic stress

    • Racial socialization

  • Online Identity

    • Experimentation with online self- presentations

    • Impression management

      • Those with lower self-esteem log in more often

    • Selfies

      • Imaginary audience

      • May contribute to narcissism

The Daily Lives of Adolescents

  • Varies culturally

  • Unstructured Time

    • Often spent using media

    • Teens stay in touch with friends online

    • Both positive and negative features of media use

      • Community involvement

      • Cyberbullying

      • Online predators