HL Biology Lipids and Carbohydrates

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

C, H, O

What are the functions of monosaccharides like glucose?

Provides energy for cellular work, used as raw materials for organic molecules

What are the functions of polysaccharides like starch?

Short-term energy storage

What are the functions of polysaccharides like cellulose?

Structural support

Name 3 monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What do monosaccharides combine to form?

disaccharides, polysaccharides

Name 3 common disaccharides and the monosaccharides that form each of them.

1. Maltose: Glucose + Glucose

2. Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose

3. Lactose: Galactose + Glucose

What characteristic allows monosaccharides to be easily transported in fluids?

They dissolve easily without losing structure

Describe the structure of Alpha and Beta glucose

The right side of Alpha glucose is in order as H, C, OH, while the right side of Beta glucose is in order as OH, C, H

List the following details about starch:

1. Function and where it is found

2. What it is made of

1. A storage polysaccharide found in plants

2. Made of two polysaccharides called amylose and amylopectin, who are formed by alpha glucose monomers

What is amylose?

A continuous helical chain of 1-to-4 glycosidic bonds

What is amylopectin?

A globular branched polymer of glucose with 1-to-4 and 1-to-6 glycosidic bonds that cause them to branch

List the following details about glycogen:

1. Function and where it is found

2. What it is made of

1. A storage polysaccharide found in animals

2. Made of alpha glucose monomers, some similar to amylopectin but with more branching

How does the usage of insulin as a diabetes treatment relate to glycogen?

Insulin groups glucose into glycogen, reducing the amount of sugar in your blood. When the sugar is needed, it can be broken back down into glucose.

List the following details about cellulose:

1. Function and where it is found

2. What it is made of

1. A structural polysaccharide used for cell walls found in plants

2. Made of alternating beta glucose monomers that allow them to be arranged into straight strands of polymers

List the following details about chitin:

1. Function and where it is found

2. What it is made of

1. A structural polysaccharide used for cell walls and exoskeletons found in fungi and insects

2. Made of beta glucose monomers

Are polysaccharides hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

C, H, O

How do lipids compare to carbohydrates in terms of energy storage?

Lipids contain more energy per gram and are better for long term energy storage because they are more difficult to hydrolyze

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic

What are triglycerides? (fats)

One glycerol group linked to three carbon chains by the anabolic process of condensation

What is another name for the carbon chains on triglycerides?

Fatty acid tails

What is the difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

Phospholipids have a phosphate group that replaces one fatty acid tail

What is the difference between the structure of a Saturated Fat and an Unsaturated fat?

Unsaturated fats have carbon double bonds in their carbon chains that cause the chain to have less hydrogens. This causes a bend in the fatty acid tails.

Why do the structures of Unsaturated Fats make them healthier than Saturated fats?

The bend in their carbon chains makes it harder for them to stack on top of each other, so they tend to be more fluid. This helps maintain cholesterol levels and membrane fluidity.

What organisms are Saturated Fats usually found in?

Animals

What organisms are Unsaturated Oils usually found in?

Plants

What do you call a triglyceride with only one double carbon bond?

Monounsaturated Fat

What do you call a triglyceride with multiple double carbon bonds?

Polyunsaturated Fat

What is Adipose Tissue?

Layers of connective tissue below the skin/between organs that acts as insulation, energy storage, and a cushion for organs.

What is cholesterol?

A steroid (type of lipid) whose structure is used as a blueprint for the production of other steroids like sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

What characteristics allow steroids to easily travel through cell membranes?

They are nonpolar and hydrophobic