Week 1: Movement Analysis

apta vision statement

PTs optimize movement in order to improve the Human Experience

pts do what 3 things for human movement

observe, analyze, foster

3 areas of framework for movement observation/documentation

task analysis, movement observation, movement description

optimal movement strategies must meet what 3 demands

task, performer, environment

type of movement constructs for movement analysis (11)

symmetry, speed, amplitude, alignment, verticality, stability, smoothness, sequencing, timing, accuracy, symptoms provocation

6 core tasks for movement analysis

sitting, sit to stand, standing, walking, step up/down, reach/grasp/manipulate

symmetry definition

agreement of the external kinetics and kinematics of movement (left vs right)

speed definition

rate of change or velocity of segment or body displacement from start to finish of a task

amplitude def

extent or range of movement use to complete a task

alignment def

biomechanical relationship of body segments to one another as well as to the base of support, and environment, in order to achieve the task

postural control is broken into what 2 categories

verticality and stability

what is postural control

ability to control bodys position in space relative to gravity, environment, and internal references to maintain stability and orientation

verticality def

ability to orient body in relation to line of gravity (plumb line)

stability def

ability to control body center of mass in relation to base of support under quasi-static and dynamic conditions (look at sway and center of pressure)

coordination is broken into what 4 categories

smoothness, sequencing, timing, accuracy

coordination def

smooth, efficient, accurate movement of body segments associated with orderly sequencing, timing, and grading of muscle activity

smoothness def

movement is perceived to be smooth when it happens in a continual fashion without any interruptions in velocity or trajectory (jerky/accelerations)

sequencing def

Specific order of motor output required to achieve the intended goal of action (joint coordination)

timing def

overall temporal structure of movement that includes the relative percentage of time devoted to movement segments, including initiation, execution, termination (reaction time)

accuracy def

closeness of measured value to a standard or known value, freedome from error (spatial/variable errors)

symptoms provocation

observation or patient report of symptoms; movement that evokes a particular response

sitting task description

sit unsupported on firm surface (at level of fibular head) with a self selected base of support with hands resting on lap

sit to stand task description

person will stand form a level, firm surface at height or fibular head with a self-selected base of support

standing task description

person will stand on a level , firm surface with a self selected base of support

walking task description

person will walk at least 20m, route should include 180 degree turn. spot on floor should be marked with a durable piece of tape that is visible to the person from a distance

step up/down task description

standing facing 7 inch step, person will step up onto step and then down backward with same leg. use stand alone step or stools. Stairs can be used. Repeat with other leg

reach/grasp/manipulate task description

person starts sitting in chair with back support and is asked to reach, with 1 arm only, for a cup of plastic foam pieces (6 inches beyond arm length), grasp cup, lift cup off table, pour contents into something else next to cup, return cup to table surface without dropping. Repeat with other arm

steps of movement continuum

initial conditions, preparation, initiation, execution, termination, expected outcome (regression/progression)

initial conditions def

set the conditions (environment position), can be systematically varied in subsequent repetitions

preparation stage def

evaluate if performer understood the instructions and task requirements

iniitiation, execution, termination stage

evaluate movement patterns and strategies using observable movement constructs

base of support regression

increase BOS for stability (wider feet)

base of support progression

narrow base of support

speed regression

allow slower to complete task

speed progression

go faster

perturbation progression

add internal perturbation (head turns)

cognitive demand progression

add dual tasks

environmental changes regression

alter surface height (lower step height, raise seats)

environmental changes progression

alter surface height (stepping up and down, lowering seat height)

cuing regression

verbal cuing or physical prompts

physical assistance regression

provide physical assistance to enable completion of task

external support regression

provide external support (orthotics, AD, UE support)

environmental inputs regression

alter auditory and visual environment (quiet vnrionments, brightening lights)

environmental inputs progression

alter auditory and visual environment (louder, motion in environment, walking in crows), add external perturbations (nudge, push)