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Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore

Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore

In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America.

Act of Toleration

The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics.

Roger Williams

A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence.

Providence

This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams.

Anne Hutchinson

This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth.

Rhode Island

In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island.

Halfway covenant

In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members.

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service.

William Penn

In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania.

Holy Experiment

William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself.

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

Tobacco

The main crop of the Chesapeake region

John Cabot

First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's.

Jamestown

In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. Many colonists died from cold, disease, and hunger trying to establish this colony.

Captain John Smith

leader of the Jamestown colony

John Rolfe

He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. Also married Pocahontas

Pocahontas

Fabled American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown, daughter of Powhatan

Puritans

Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston.

Pilgrims

They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast.

Mayflower

In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth.

Plymouth Colony

This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massachusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621.

John Winthrop

In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. "City on a Hill"

Great Migration

This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Thomas Hooker

In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history.

The Carolinas

In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles this region. In 1729, it was split into two royal colonies. The South grew food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. The North Carolina had many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations.

New York

In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there

Georgia

In 1732, this was formed to provide a buffer between southern British colonies and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again.

Wampanoags

An American Indian tribe led by Metacom.

Metacom

This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676

King Philip's War

From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom, waged war against the English settlers in southern New England.

Mayflower Compact

In 1620, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution.

House of Burgesses

In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the...

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature.

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown.

royal colonies

Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624.

proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts.

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland, economy based off tobacco

mercantilism

An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of the parent country.

Navigation Acts

Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade.

* Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews.

* All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England.

* Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England.

Dominion of New England

James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit.

Sir Edmund Andros

In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles.

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure.

indentured servants

people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free.

headright system

A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage.

triangular trade

Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum.

Middle Passage

Voyage from West Africa to the Americas. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia. Traded with the British instead of destroying them.

Reasons for transition to slavery

Bacon's Rebellion

Indentured Servants require land when released

Africans hard to run away (non-native)

Africans visually distinct from Europeans

Pequot War (Massacre at Mystic)

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Fur Trade

French colonists economically relied on the trading of animal pelts (especially beaver skins) by Indians for European goods in North America.

French Colonies

New Orleans, St. Lawrence, Montreal, Quebec

English colonies

Plymouth, Jamestown, New York

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Advocated for a social contract

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the 1730s and 40s during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. Emphasized personal relationship with God and personal study of the bible.

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Ridiculous evidence was used frequently.

british colonial cities

philadelphia, new york, boston, charleston

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

A land bridge from Asia

How early Americans reached North and South America

Nomadic; following food and herds

The lifestyle that encouraged Indians to cross the land bridge

Mayan, Inca and Aztecs

The most complex Indian communities living in South America

Maize

This crop transformed nomadic hunter-gatherer societies into settled farm communities

Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes

Items desired from Persia & China

God, Gold & Glory

3 motives for Spanish Exploration

Hispaniola

The area in which Columbus landed

Treaty of Tordesillas

The agreement settling the dispute between Spain & Portugal for land in the Americas.

Anasazi; Pueblo

Tribes that settled in the Southwest; had culture based on farming & irrigation systems with permanent buildings

Northwest Indians

Lived in permanent longhouses that had a rich diet based on hunting & fishing

Great Plains Indians

Tribe that was nomadic OR farmers/traders; hunted buffalo, raised maize, beans & squash

Cortes

Conquered the Aztecs

Pizzaro

Conquered the Incas

Bartolome de las Casas

Man who stood up for the rights of the natives.

Renaissance

Time period that allowed for the invention of gunpowder, the compass and advanced shipbuilding and mapmaking

Vasco de Gama

First European to reach India using the route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope.

John Cabot

First explorer sent by England to the New World; explored the North American coast

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who won the backing of Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain to sail west from Europe to the "Indies."

Ferdinand Magellan

Explorer who is credited with the 1st circumnavigation of the earth

Henry Hudson

While searching for the northwest passage, this explorer sailed up a a broad river to give the Dutch claim

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, people, ideas, and diseases (beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes & tobacco) between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.

Horses

Animal introduced by the Spanish that changed the lifestyle of the Native American

Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza

Diseases from the Old World and went to the New World

Syphillis

Disease from the New World to the Old World

Valladolid Debate

The argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; essentially set up slavery for Native Americans

Atlantic slave trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.

Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

Cherokee

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family.

Inuit

A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky.

Inca

Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Martin Luther

Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church.

King Henry VIII

Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country.