DA

Lecture Exam 3 Review

Chapter 8: Enzymes

Enzyme Regulation:

  • Factors affecting enzyme function: pH, temperature leading to denaturing

  • Importance of active site residues (acidic/basic)

  • Concept of feedback inhibition

Enzyme Structure:

  • Enzyme three-dimensional shape affects function

  • Role of reactants/products in enzymatic reactions

  • Understanding allosteric inhibition and its implications

Important Definitions:

  • Substrate: molecule the enzyme acts upon

  • Active Site: specific area of enzyme where substrates bind

  • Competitive Inhibition: similar-shaped molecules block substrate binding

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Stages of Cellular Respiration:

  • Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose, requiring initial energy input

  • Pyruvate Oxidation: occurs in mitochondria, converts pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA

  • Citric Acid Cycle: occurs in mitochondria, processes Acetyl-CoA to produce electron carriers

  • Electron Transport Chain: crucial for ATP production using a hydrogen gradient

  • ATP Synthase: enzyme that produces ATP in the Electron Transport Chain

Redox Reactions:

  • Oxidation: losing electrons

  • Reduction: gaining electrons

  • Key electron carriers: NAD and FAD (NADH, FADH2)

  • Understand energy movements and bonds in metabolic reactions

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

Overview of Photosynthesis:

  • The Calvin Cycle: converts carbon dioxide into glucose via carbon fixation

    • Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH

    • Requires RUBP and enzyme Rubisco

Light Reactions:

  • Convert solar energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH to fuel the Calvin Cycle

Relationships:

  • Understand relationships between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the context of energy conversion and the cyclical nature of these processes.Analyze diagrams and experimental data to answer questions effectively.

Final Focus:

Familiarity with key terms (delta G, energy types) and metabolic pathways is essential for exam readiness.