Lecture Exam 3 Review

Chapter 8: Enzymes

Enzyme Regulation:

• Factors affecting enzyme function: pH, temperature leading to denaturing

• Importance of active site residues (acidic/basic)

• Concept of feedback inhibition

Enzyme Structure:

• Enzyme three-dimensional shape affects function

• Role of reactants/products in enzymatic reactions

• Understanding allosteric inhibition and its implications

Important Definitions:

• Substrate: molecule the enzyme acts upon

• Active Site: specific area of enzyme where substrates bind

• Competitive Inhibition: similar-shaped molecules block substrate binding

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Stages of Cellular Respiration:

• Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose, requiring initial energy input

• Pyruvate Oxidation: occurs in mitochondria, converts pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA

• Citric Acid Cycle: occurs in mitochondria, processes Acetyl-CoA to produce electron carriers

• Electron Transport Chain: crucial for ATP production using a hydrogen gradient

• ATP Synthase: enzyme that produces ATP in the Electron Transport Chain

Redox Reactions:

• Oxidation: losing electrons

• Reduction: gaining electrons

• Key electron carriers: NAD and FAD (NADH, FADH2)

• Understand energy movements and bonds in metabolic reactions

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

Overview of Photosynthesis:

• The Calvin Cycle: converts carbon dioxide into glucose via carbon fixation

  • Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH

  • Requires RUBP and enzyme Rubisco

Light Reactions:

• Convert solar energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH to fuel the Calvin Cycle

Relationships:

• Understand relationships between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the context of energy conversion and the cyclical nature of these processes.Analyze diagrams and experimental data to answer questions effectively.

Final Focus:

Familiarity with key terms (delta G, energy types) and metabolic pathways is essential for exam readiness.