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interphase
a long period when cells are not dividing
mitotic phase
a short period when cells physically separate; DNA condenses and is divided equally into 2 cells
DNA helicase
separates the strands of the double helix in initiation
ssBinding Proteins
stabilizes single strands of DNA to prevent unwanted hydrogen bonds between basepairs in initiation
topoisomerase
relieves strain cause by unwinding a twisty molecule
primase
lays down an RNA primer in order to give polymerase a place to start elongating and binding to
elongation
DNA polymerase binds and adds complementary DNA bases to 3’ end of new strand
template strand
existing strands of DNA determines sequence of new strand; read 3’ to 5’
histones (function in mitotic phase)
organize DNA in the nucleus
cytoskeleton function in mitotic phase
mediates movement of chromosomes
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
telomeres
act as a buffer for chromosomes following DNA replication
hayflick limit
average number of times a normal human cell population will divide before becoming senescent and dying
telomerase
an enzyme containing an RNA primer and restores telomere length; maintains replicative capacity of cells; activity extinguished during embryonic differentiation in humans
cancer
disease of the cell cycle
quinolones
inhibit topoisomerase (and other DNA stabilizing proteins) to disrupt DNA synthesis
taxol
destabilizes microtubules to stop cell division during M phase
stathmin
promotes depolymerization and prevents polymerization
genome
all the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell; contains all protein making info for an organism
karyotype
number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei off an organism
phenotypes
characteristics of an organism based on genetic info (words)
kinetochore
attaches to centromere to pull sister chromatids apart
centromere
where sister chromatids are attached
gene
coding regions of DNA; code for mRNA that is made into proteins
homologous chromosomes
contain the same genes in the same location, but have different version of the genes; come our parents (one from maternal, one from paternal)
gene locus (plural loci)
the location of a specific pair of genes
alleles
alternative versions of the same gene, in pairs
genotype
which alleles are present at a gene locus (letters)
gametes
required for sexual reproduction; have half the number of chromosomes of a regular cell; fuses with another to create new organism
ploidy
number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
haploid cell
1n (gamete)
diploid
2n (somatic/ body cell)
meiosis
2 rounds of cell division for going from diploid to haploid
asexual reproduction
one organism can make genetic clones; all end up the same
sexual reproduction
two gametes required; creates genetic variation
principle of independent assortment
different genes assort independently because 1. they are located on different chromosomes and 2. these chromosomes have 2 equally likely ways of lining up before they are segregated
monohybrid cross
cross of 1 gene
reciprocal cross
flipping maternal and paternal genotypes to see if it makes a difference
dihybrid cross
cross of 2 genes
test cross
homozygous recessive parent crossing with parent with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype
hemizygous
genotype of males (XY)
sex-linked genes
genes on the X chromosome that impact male and female progeny differently
linked genes
genes on the same chromosome that will be inherited in parental arrangement more often than recombinant arrangement and is determined by map distance
dominance patterns
codominance and incomplete dominance do not follow a simple dominant and recessive allele pattern; heterozygotes have a unique phenotype
codominance
heterozygotes show both alleles; neither is dominant (ex. blood type)
incomplete dominance
heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype different from either homozygote (ex. flower colors)
epistasis
two genes interact to produce phenotype (ex. chicken crests)
spindle apparatus
part of cytoskeleton
