Foundations of Bio Test 3

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48 Terms

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interphase

a long period when cells are not dividing

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mitotic phase

a short period when cells physically separate; DNA condenses and is divided equally into 2 cells

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DNA helicase

separates the strands of the double helix in initiation

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ssBinding Proteins

stabilizes single strands of DNA to prevent unwanted hydrogen bonds between basepairs in initiation

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topoisomerase

relieves strain cause by unwinding a twisty molecule

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primase

lays down an RNA primer in order to give polymerase a place to start elongating and binding to

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elongation

DNA polymerase binds and adds complementary DNA bases to 3’ end of new strand

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template strand

existing strands of DNA determines sequence of new strand; read 3’ to 5’

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histones (function in mitotic phase)

organize DNA in the nucleus

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cytoskeleton function in mitotic phase

mediates movement of chromosomes

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cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

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telomeres

act as a buffer for chromosomes following DNA replication

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hayflick limit

average number of times a normal human cell population will divide before becoming senescent and dying

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telomerase

an enzyme containing an RNA primer and restores telomere length; maintains replicative capacity of cells; activity extinguished during embryonic differentiation in humans

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cancer

disease of the cell cycle

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quinolones

inhibit topoisomerase (and other DNA stabilizing proteins) to disrupt DNA synthesis

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taxol

destabilizes microtubules to stop cell division during M phase

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stathmin

promotes depolymerization and prevents polymerization

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genome

all the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell; contains all protein making info for an organism

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karyotype

number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei off an organism

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phenotypes

characteristics of an organism based on genetic info (words)

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kinetochore

attaches to centromere to pull sister chromatids apart

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centromere

where sister chromatids are attached

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gene

coding regions of DNA; code for mRNA that is made into proteins

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homologous chromosomes

contain the same genes in the same location, but have different version of the genes; come our parents (one from maternal, one from paternal)

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gene locus (plural loci)

the location of a specific pair of genes

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alleles

alternative versions of the same gene, in pairs

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genotype

which alleles are present at a gene locus (letters)

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gametes

required for sexual reproduction; have half the number of chromosomes of a regular cell; fuses with another to create new organism

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ploidy

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

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haploid cell

1n (gamete)

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diploid

2n (somatic/ body cell)

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meiosis

2 rounds of cell division for going from diploid to haploid

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asexual reproduction

one organism can make genetic clones; all end up the same

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sexual reproduction

two gametes required; creates genetic variation

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principle of independent assortment

different genes assort independently because 1. they are located on different chromosomes and 2. these chromosomes have 2 equally likely ways of lining up before they are segregated

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monohybrid cross

cross of 1 gene

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reciprocal cross

flipping maternal and paternal genotypes to see if it makes a difference

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dihybrid cross

cross of 2 genes

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test cross

homozygous recessive parent crossing with parent with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype

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hemizygous

genotype of males (XY)

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sex-linked genes

genes on the X chromosome that impact male and female progeny differently

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linked genes

genes on the same chromosome that will be inherited in parental arrangement more often than recombinant arrangement and is determined by map distance

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dominance patterns

codominance and incomplete dominance do not follow a simple dominant and recessive allele pattern; heterozygotes have a unique phenotype

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codominance

heterozygotes show both alleles; neither is dominant (ex. blood type)

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incomplete dominance

heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype different from either homozygote (ex. flower colors)

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epistasis

two genes interact to produce phenotype (ex. chicken crests)

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spindle apparatus

part of cytoskeleton