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Anatolia
capital of the ottoman empire, ruled by turkish sultan, modern day asia minor
osmanis
namesake of ottomans, broke away from seljuk turks; 1281, faked ancestry back to muhammed for legitimacy
adrianople
second most powerful byzantine city, conquered by ottomans in 1361
ottoman empire
gunpowder empire in control of asia minor, centered around constantinople/istanbul, 1281-1922
constantinople
conquered by ottomans in 1453, became capital
ottoman art
known for ceramics (created system to mass produce intricate tiles), and calligraphy
janissaries
taken from non-muslim families at young age, converted to islam, raised to be private guard of the sultan, known for horsemanship and talent as foot soldiers, used cannons and gunpowder, high status in society; became network of nobles rather than fighters in 17th to 18th centuries
viziers
janissaries that had been promoted, closest advisors of the sultan
pashas/beys
sent throughout empire to keep peace and collect taxes for the sultan
millet system
used by the ottoman empire, people were organized and governed by their religious laws
downfall of ottomans
weak sultans, less loyalty to central government, janissaries more interested in personal growth, invaded by napoleon i in 1798, disbanded after wwi
safavids
empire in persia, centered in iran, 1200s-1722, shiite islam
ismael
became leader of safavid sufi at age seven, captured tabriz in 1501, declared shah of azerbaijan, shah of iran next year
tabriz
conquered by safavids in july 1501 (led by ismael), allowed for spread of shiite islam
ottomans v. safavids
arch rivals, ottomans had better gunpowder/military
safavid art
miniatures (paintings size of piece of paper), paintings of people (scandalous to common people, only for nobles), rugs/tapestries; very expensive, europeans began to put on wall because so expensive, all hand made
shah abbas i
reorganized the military, captured baghdad back from the ottomans in 1603
isfahan
permanent capital of safavids, gained most international attention because of culture, art, architecture, religious life
gunpowder empires
ottomans, mughals, safavids; share common threads of use of gunpowder, religious tolerance, social cohesion, growth in culture/arts, and islam
decline of safavids
declined militarily and financially after death of abbas i, isfahan captured by afghans in 1722
mughal empire
india, descended from turks and mongols, 1526-1858, merged persian and indian culture with islam as the connector
akbar
greatest leader of the mughals, ruled during expansion through deccan plateau (used gunpowder to crush existing forts, built new ones), emphasized religious tolerance (married wives of all religions, set example for the people), promoted arts
taj mahal
built for jahan shah’s favorite wife, might actually be map of judgement day for sufi muslims, product of hindu muslim synthesis, now more of a hindu symbol of oppression under mughals
mughal art
known for jewels (only place on earth known to have diamonds at time), mixed islamic and hindu art (came to india when banned by safavids, promoted by akbar), led many indians to convert to islam
mir sayid ali
former court painter for safavids, kicked out when paintings of people banned, brought in by mughals to teach their painters how to paint as well
aurangzeb
last mughal ruler, more forcefully islamic, got rid of religious tolerance, destroyed hindu sites and taxed other religions, wanted to capture entire subcontinent but was to expensive, mughals fell in 1707 after his death (captured by british)
ming dynasty
1368-1644, ruled after yuan dynasty/mongols
zhu yuanzhang/hongwu emperor
founder of ming dynasty, led rebellion against yuan dynasty, ruthless, reestablished chinese traditions, former buddhist novice
zhe di/yongle emperor
maintained and extended military strength, added navy
nanjing
capital of ming empire, starting in 1368
mongols in ming dynasty
executed, only allowed to marry chinese, purely foreign groups not allowed
ming dynasty art
flourished under new leaders, used income from chinese traders, porcelain, nanjing and beijing palaces, literature and philosophy
downfall of ming dynasty
less capable rulers, jurchen and manchu tribes threatened from north, peasant uprisings in northwest, weakened fighting japanese in korea; 1590s, manchu revolted against ming, ming had no money due to taxpayer revolt, emperor hanged himelf, qing dynasty gained power; 1644
zheng he (originally ma he)
28 years, seven voyages, to areas as far from china as northern africa, diplomat and fleet admiral, sailed farther than anyone recorded at the time, taken prisoner at age 10, gained yongle emperor’s favor, assigned to lead fleet of ships to india at age 34; 1405, created detailed maps, magnetic compasses, and expanded on gunpowder knowledge left by song dynasty
ming despotism
trust no one (not even their own people, moved capital), very tyrannical
start of renaissance
implies society is starting over (rebirth), returning to how things used to be and progressing from that point, increased interest in ancient values, skills, techniques, etc., increase in culture, art, education, quality of life
supply and demand
Supply→amount of a good or service that sellers are willing and able to sell at various prices, positive slope
Demand→the amount of a good or service buyers are willing to buy at various prices, negative slope
humanism
appreciation for human world, as opposed to middle ages; obsessed with after life
secularism
appreciation for world of the living, characteristic of humanism
individualism
people want to be celebrated for individual fame, characteristic of humanism
patronage of the arts
supporting the arts, characteristic of humanism
Medicchi family/Lorenzo the Magnificent
big patrons of art schools, so first to see art, wealthy family in florence; single greatest patron actually catholic church
development of politics
people themselves seen as intelligent enough to make decisions about government, more republics, revival of political science, characteristic of humanism
dante aligheri
wrote dante’s inferno, transitional between humanist and not, lived before time of humanism but expressed individualism in novels
geoffery chaucer
wrote canterbury tales, transitional (before time of humanism), expressed secularism in novels
francesco petrarca/petrarch
father of humanism, encouraged free thinking, created his own poetic form
baldassare castiglione
wrote best selling book of entire renaissance, book of the courtier, encouraged spread of the arts including poetry and dancing
desiderius erasmus
dutch humanist, wrote in praise of folly, satire about powerful figures, criticized pope julius ii, individualism
niccolo machiavelli
wrote the prince, said he was not humanist but early in life was trying to be one, had confidence in individuals to make political decisions (development of politics), shared many ideas with legalism, very influential in all politics
machiavellian thinking
seeing politics as what it is not what it should be, state created by humans, not divine intervention, good rulers manipulate state, bad things happen to good kings
cesare borgia
role model of machiavelli, emphasized sneakiness, dad was pope and killed many of sister’s husbands for their money
humanities (aka liberal art)
anything created by, for, or about humans, ex. language, social studies, art; thought to free your mind
characteristics of humanistic art
Secularism, individualism, skepticism/pursuit of knowledge (classical), challenging ideas
style
how a piece of art looks/ is depicted
realism
realistic, lifelike
idealism
life made better than it really is
mannerism
more about artist than subject, distorted to cause dramatic tension, challenges conventional rules of storytelling at time
subject matter
what is being represented
pieta
adult jesus after being killed with mary
madonna
baby jesus with mary
judeo-christian art
art depicting people/scenes from the bible/religious rulers
classical art
art depicting ancient gods/rulers
art of everyday life
portraits of common people, secularism (appreciation for human experience)
technique
how a piece of art is created
single point perspective
technique for paintings, extend parallel lines to horizon, gives illusion of object being farther away
chiaroscuro
lit. light and dark, shadows added to paintings
sfumato
haziness over paintings, first seen in mona lisa
michelangelo
sponsored by medici family, asked to do many projects by catholic church, painted sistine chapel
leonardo da vinci
painted mona lisa, mastered sfumato, studied human anatomy; dissected bodies
Explain Machiavelli’s fox and lion analogy.
Machiavelli’s fox and lion analogy is basically saying that to be a good ruler, you must be two different people at the same time; one sly and cunning and the other powerful and fearsome.
giotto
1266-1337
Greatest figure in 14th century painting
From Florence, Italy
Painted three-dimensional world, not like two-dimensional of Byzantines
Death began period of less painting until 14th century
masaccio
1401-1428
Completed technical revolution begun by Giotto→very similar to real life
First to paint nude figures, reversed Christian tradition that had been in place since Roman times
Work seen as too controversial and lacking elegance, died in debt, not enough customers
three great artists of renaissance
michelangelo, da vinci, raphael
botticelli
1447-1510
Florence, Italy
Platonic Academy at Florence→Christianity and pagan mythology fused
donatello
1386-1466
Visited Rome to study ancient sculpture
Innovated with bronze and sculptor styles→fist to make certain type of equestrian statue in Renaissance
raphael
1483-1520
Summoned by Pope Julius II in 1508 to help decorate Vatican
Blended styles of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
ming china
successor to yuan dynasty (mongols), brought back old chinese traditions/thought
ming government
distrust old regime’s supporters
early 1400s, built palace complex, Forbidden City, royal family and employees only allowed in, employees had to undergo medical procedure to never have kids/promote interests of kids
brought back confucianism; mandate of heavan, bureaucracy
ming foreign relations
Zheng He voyages abandoned, visits places that had old relationships to try to restore, Tribute System, acknowledge China as middle kingdom
cut off communication with outside world
isolated from outside, (re)built Great Wall of China to keep invaders out, fortified border
ming values, intellect
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ming economics
Reclaim farmland that had been turned into pastures for horses (food surplus and economic and population growth
ming social organization
less opportunities for minorities and foreigners (racism)
oppression of Tibet
sikhs
Sikhs were a religious group that believed that there was one god and emphasized works of charity. They denied both Islam and Hinduism. All Sikh men must wear a turban to enter their shrines. They only became a military sect under later Mughals. Because of this, one of the five k’s is to carry a little knife, as a symbol of protecting their faith. It is called the Kurpan. They believe in the Five K’s.
nanak
the founding figure of Sikhism.
Fatehpur Sikri
New Mughal capital, reformed by Akbar
Sophonisba Anguissola
Female artist, considered master
Also mastered sfumato, single point perspective, chiaroscuro
Painted family portraits, huge success
Artemisia Gentileschi
Female artist, also considered master
Painting of Judith killing invader
SA victim, had a trial, sued her for defiling her as potential bride to suitor
Filipo Bruneleski
Built Duomo dome
Had biggest hole in Europe as roof
Studied ancient examples
Largest dome in Europe until Michelangelo made the dome on St. Peter’s in Vatican