renaissances

Anatolia

capital of the ottoman empire, ruled by turkish sultan, modern day asia minor

osmanis

namesake of ottomans, broke away from seljuk turks; 1281, faked ancestry back to muhammed for legitimacy

adrianople

second most powerful byzantine city, conquered by ottomans in 1361

ottoman empire

gunpowder empire in control of asia minor, centered around constantinople/istanbul, 1281-1922

constantinople

conquered by ottomans in 1453, became capital

ottoman art

known for ceramics (created system to mass produce intricate tiles), and calligraphy

janissaries

taken from non-muslim families at young age, converted to islam, raised to be private guard of the sultan, known for horsemanship and talent as foot soldiers, used cannons and gunpowder, high status in society; became network of nobles rather than fighters in 17th to 18th centuries

viziers

janissaries that had been promoted, closest advisors of the sultan

pashas/beys

sent throughout empire to keep peace and collect taxes for the sultan

millet system

used by the ottoman empire, people were organized and governed by their religious laws

downfall of ottomans

weak sultans, less loyalty to central government, janissaries more interested in personal growth, invaded by napoleon i in 1798, disbanded after wwi

safavids

empire in persia, centered in iran, 1200s-1722, shiite islam

ismael

became leader of safavid sufi at age seven, captured tabriz in 1501, declared shah of azerbaijan, shah of iran next year

tabriz

conquered by safavids in july 1501 (led by ismael), allowed for spread of shiite islam

ottomans v. safavids

arch rivals, ottomans had better gunpowder/military

safavid art

miniatures (paintings size of piece of paper), paintings of people (scandalous to common people, only for nobles), rugs/tapestries; very expensive, europeans began to put on wall because so expensive, all hand made

shah abbas i

reorganized the military, captured baghdad back from the ottomans in 1603

isfahan

permanent capital of safavids, gained most international attention because of culture, art, architecture, religious life

gunpowder empires

ottomans, mughals, safavids; share common threads of use of gunpowder, religious tolerance, social cohesion, growth in culture/arts, and islam

decline of safavids

declined militarily and financially after death of abbas i, isfahan captured by afghans in 1722

mughal empire

india, descended from turks and mongols, 1526-1858, merged persian and indian culture with islam as the connector

akbar

greatest leader of the mughals, ruled during expansion through deccan plateau (used gunpowder to crush existing forts, built new ones), emphasized religious tolerance (married wives of all religions, set example for the people), promoted arts

taj mahal

built for jahan shah’s favorite wife, might actually be map of judgement day for sufi muslims, product of hindu muslim synthesis, now more of a hindu symbol of oppression under mughals

mughal art

known for jewels (only place on earth known to have diamonds at time), mixed islamic and hindu art (came to india when banned by safavids, promoted by akbar), led many indians to convert to islam

mir sayid ali

former court painter for safavids, kicked out when paintings of people banned, brought in by mughals to teach their painters how to paint as well

aurangzeb

last mughal ruler, more forcefully islamic, got rid of religious tolerance, destroyed hindu sites and taxed other religions, wanted to capture entire subcontinent but was to expensive, mughals fell in 1707 after his death (captured by british)

ming dynasty

1368-1644, ruled after yuan dynasty/mongols

zhu yuanzhang/hongwu emperor

founder of ming dynasty, led rebellion against yuan dynasty, ruthless, reestablished chinese traditions, former buddhist novice

zhe di/yongle emperor

maintained and extended military strength, added navy

nanjing

capital of ming empire, starting in 1368

mongols in ming dynasty

executed, only allowed to marry chinese, purely foreign groups not allowed

ming dynasty art

flourished under new leaders, used income from chinese traders, porcelain, nanjing and beijing palaces, literature and philosophy

downfall of ming dynasty

less capable rulers, jurchen and manchu tribes threatened from north, peasant uprisings in northwest, weakened fighting japanese in korea; 1590s, manchu revolted against ming, ming had no money due to taxpayer revolt, emperor hanged himelf, qing dynasty gained power; 1644

zheng he (originally ma he)

28 years, seven voyages, to areas as far from china as northern africa, diplomat and fleet admiral, sailed farther than anyone recorded at the time, taken prisoner at age 10, gained yongle emperor’s favor, assigned to lead fleet of ships to india at age 34; 1405, created detailed maps, magnetic compasses, and expanded on gunpowder knowledge left by song dynasty

ming despotism

trust no one (not even their own people, moved capital), very tyrannical

start of renaissance

implies society is starting over (rebirth), returning to how things used to be and progressing from that point, increased interest in ancient values, skills, techniques, etc., increase in culture, art, education, quality of life

supply and demand

• Supply→amount of a good or service that sellers are willing and able to sell at various prices, positive slope

• Demand→the amount of a good or service buyers are willing to buy at various prices, negative slope

humanism

appreciation for human world, as opposed to middle ages; obsessed with after life

secularism

appreciation for world of the living, characteristic of humanism

individualism

people want to be celebrated for individual fame, characteristic of humanism

patronage of the arts

supporting the arts, characteristic of humanism

Medicchi family/Lorenzo the Magnificent

big patrons of art schools, so first to see art, wealthy family in florence; single greatest patron actually catholic church

development of politics

people themselves seen as intelligent enough to make decisions about government, more republics, revival of political science, characteristic of humanism

dante aligheri

wrote dante’s inferno, transitional between humanist and not, lived before time of humanism but expressed individualism in novels

geoffery chaucer

wrote canterbury tales, transitional (before time of humanism), expressed secularism in novels

francesco petrarca/petrarch

father of humanism, encouraged free thinking, created his own poetic form

baldassare castiglione

wrote best selling book of entire renaissance, book of the courtier, encouraged spread of the arts including poetry and dancing

desiderius erasmus

dutch humanist, wrote in praise of folly, satire about powerful figures, criticized pope julius ii, individualism

niccolo machiavelli

wrote the prince, said he was not humanist but early in life was trying to be one, had confidence in individuals to make political decisions (development of politics), shared many ideas with legalism, very influential in all politics

machiavellian thinking

seeing politics as what it is not what it should be, state created by humans, not divine intervention, good rulers manipulate state, bad things happen to good kings

cesare borgia

role model of machiavelli, emphasized sneakiness, dad was pope and killed many of sister’s husbands for their money

humanities (aka liberal art)

anything created by, for, or about humans, ex. language, social studies, art; thought to free your mind

characteristics of humanistic art

Secularism, individualism, skepticism/pursuit of knowledge (classical), challenging ideas 

style

how a piece of art looks/ is depicted

realism

realistic, lifelike

idealism

life made better than it really is

mannerism

more about artist than subject, distorted to cause dramatic tension, challenges conventional rules of storytelling at time

subject matter

what is being represented

pieta

adult jesus after being killed with mary

madonna

baby jesus with mary

judeo-christian art

art depicting people/scenes from the bible/religious rulers

classical art

art depicting ancient gods/rulers

art of everyday life

portraits of common people, secularism (appreciation for human experience)

technique

how a piece of art is created

single point perspective

technique for paintings, extend parallel lines to horizon, gives illusion of object being farther away

chiaroscuro

lit. light and dark, shadows added to paintings

sfumato

haziness over paintings, first seen in mona lisa

michelangelo

sponsored by medici family, asked to do many projects by catholic church, painted sistine chapel

leonardo da vinci

painted mona lisa, mastered sfumato, studied human anatomy; dissected bodies

Explain Machiavelli’s fox and lion analogy.

Machiavelli’s fox and lion analogy is basically saying that to be a good ruler, you must be two different people at the same time; one sly and cunning and the other powerful and fearsome.

giotto

• 1266-1337

• Greatest figure in 14th century painting

• From Florence, Italy

• Painted three-dimensional world, not like two-dimensional of Byzantines

• Death began period of less painting until 14th century

masaccio

• 1401-1428

• Completed technical revolution begun by Giotto→very similar to real life

• First to paint nude figures, reversed Christian tradition that had been in place since Roman times

• Work seen as too controversial and lacking elegance, died in debt, not enough customers

three great artists of renaissance

michelangelo, da vinci, raphael

botticelli

• 1447-1510

• Florence, Italy

• Platonic Academy at Florence→Christianity and pagan mythology fused

donatello

• 1386-1466

• Visited Rome to study ancient sculpture 

• Innovated with bronze and sculptor styles→fist to make certain type of equestrian statue in Renaissance

raphael

• 1483-1520

• Summoned by Pope Julius II in 1508 to help decorate Vatican

• Blended styles of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

ming china

successor to yuan dynasty (mongols), brought back old chinese traditions/thought

ming government

• distrust old regime’s supporters

• early 1400s, built palace complex, Forbidden City, royal family and employees only allowed in, employees had to undergo medical procedure to never have kids/promote interests of kids

• brought back confucianism; mandate of heavan, bureaucracy

ming foreign relations

• Zheng He voyages abandoned, visits places that had old relationships to try to restore, Tribute System, acknowledge China as middle kingdom

• cut off communication with outside world 

• isolated from outside, (re)built Great Wall of China to keep invaders out, fortified border

ming values, intellect

back to old, nationalist art; ceramics, poetry, with dragons and other cultural symbols

invented novels (for low culture people, scholars wrote poetry instead)

ming economics

• Reclaim farmland that had been turned into pastures for horses (food surplus and economic and population growth

ming social organization

• less opportunities for minorities and foreigners (racism)

• oppression of Tibet

sikhs

Sikhs were a religious group that believed that there was one god and emphasized works of charity. They denied both Islam and Hinduism.  All Sikh men must wear a turban to enter their shrines. They only became a military sect under later Mughals. Because of this, one of the five k’s is to carry a little knife, as a symbol of protecting their faith. It is called the Kurpan. They believe in the Five K’s.

nanak

the founding figure of Sikhism.

Fatehpur Sikri

New Mughal capital, reformed by Akbar

Sophonisba Anguissola

• Female artist, considered master

• Also mastered sfumato, single point perspective, chiaroscuro

• Painted family portraits, huge success

Artemisia Gentileschi

• Female artist, also considered master 

• Painting of Judith killing invader 

• SA victim, had a trial, sued her for defiling her as potential bride to suitor

Filipo Bruneleski

• Built Duomo dome

  • Had biggest hole in Europe as roof 

  • Studied ancient examples

  • Largest dome in Europe until Michelangelo made the dome on St. Peter’s in Vatican