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Crusades
a series of military expeditions that was launched from Christian Europe against the peoples of the Near East.
“Black Death” 1347
a bubonic plague pandemic, ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1352, causing an estimated 25-30 million deaths and significantly impacting European society.
Ritornello
returning theme played by the tutti”; a short instrumental refrain or interlude in a vocal work
Feudalism
the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection
Barroca
irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl
Melismatic
is a style of singing where a single syllable of a word is sung over multiple notes. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word mélisma, which means "song"
Thomas Edison
invented phonograph
Harpsichord
played continuo (figured bass)-used to support instruments during the Renaissance Era
Opera
Began in Italy ca. 1600, Uses overture opening, Recitative, Aria, Duets, Choruses, performed in opera house, musical theatre piece (Staged with characters/costumes), Mythological libretto (Eventually seria or comic (buffa), and Long; ca. 2 ½ hours in the Baroque Era
Overtone
is any resonant frequency above the fundamental frequency
Absolute music
It is non-representational, purely abstract, and without any reference to subjects outside of the music itself
Timescape
sound/sound art – is vibrations for noise, sound art [“silence”]
Earworm
Also known as sticky music or stuck song syndrome, is a memorable piece of music or saying that continuously occupies a person's mind even after it is no longer being played or spoken about
Artifact
non-tangible cultural or historical interest that may be represented by recordings and/or written notes
Ornamentation
the added notes or flourishes that embellish the main melody, adding expressiveness and texture; long melismatic melody.
Basso continuo
Bass line; played by a bass instrument (Cello, bassoon, contrabass), Chord symbols, played by a harmonizing instrument (organ, harpsichord, lute),Solo instrument or voice (playing a melodic solo line, e.g. sonata), and used in opera, oratorio, cantata, sonata, and even concerto.
Humanism
rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy; An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. The people’s beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems
John Cage
4’33 is silence is framed as ‘no sound’
Point of limitation
a melodic idea is freely or strictly echoed by successive voices
Spacescape
architecture, visual art, drawing, constructed design (tangible 2 & 3 dimensions of space)
Boethius
formed the foundation for the study of philosophy (sometimes called the "liberal art par excellence") and theology; he established the seven liberal arts that were studied in the medieval Western universities
Trivium
the "Arts of the Word" that focus on the use of language (grammar, rhetoric, logic)
Golden Ratio/Mean
two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the proportion of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. (12 bar blues).
Quadrivium
the "Arts of Number or Quantity" that focus on numbers and their relationship to space and time (Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, and Astronomy)
Ethnomusicology
anthropological study of music in its social and cultural contexts
Da capo aria
is a musical form that was prevalent in the Baroque era, it is sung by a soloist with the accompaniment of instruments, often a small orchestra and is very common in the musical genres of opera and oratorio.
Tempo
time of the speed of the beat
Dynamics
the range of volume that music notes can be played
Harmony
sound when two or more designated frequencies/pitches are instruments and/or voices simultaneously
Texture
layers of sound within a piece of music interact
Timbre
tonal qualities
Form
overall shape a piece of music, which can be described by its organization and structure
Programmatic music
contains an extra-musical subject, be it a story, a painting, or a landscape
Binary
form has two sections that contrast in melody or key (A & B)
Ternary
symmetrical structure is often represented by the letters ABA, where A represents a musical idea, B represents contrasting material, and the final A returns to the opening music
Doctrine of Affection
Lorenzo Giacomini (1552–1598) in his Orationi e discorsi (1597) defined an affection as "a spiritual movement or operation of the mind in which it is attracted or repelled by an object it has come to know as a result of an imbalance in the animal spirits and vapours that flow continually throughout the body.
Concerto
three movement form: FAST/SLOW/FAST(usually), based on contrast of soloist vs. tutti, and often used ritornello form – “returning theme played by the tutti during the Baroque era.
Castrato
male singers who were castrated before puberty to preserve their childlike voices dominated opera from 16th century till the end of 18th century, castrati singers dominated opera with their supernatural voices, and Castrati became irreplaceable in opera, especially in Italy, and were in high demand and paid well.
Organology
the study of musical instruments, including their history, design, technology, and how they produce sound
Aphasia
neurological condition that impairs a person's ability to communicate effectively. It results from damage to the brain regions responsible for language processing, typically in the left hemisphere.
Organic
natural, including the human voice
Synthetic
Including constructed and musical instruments
Electric
sound sources or hybrid
Music is Sound Art
an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color
Vivaldi
was a highly prolific venetian composer and violin virtuoso of the Baroque era, best known for his concertos, particularly the Four Seasons. He was also renowned for his operas and sacred choral works
Handel
A german composer who was renowned for his oratorios, particularly the iconic Messiah, as well as his operas and organ concertos. He also made significant contributions to the instrumental genres of the Baroque period, including concerti grossi, trio sonatas, and solo harpsichord suites. He was a master of melody and harmony, known for creating memorable and expressive tunes.
Bach
was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period, known for his extensive output across various musical forms and instruments, including organ, keyboard, and orchestral music. He was particularly celebrated for his masterful use of counterpoint, including the fugue, and his ability to create rich and emotionally powerful music.
Enlightenment
was a philosophical movement in Europe that took place in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was also known as the Age of Reason.
Beethoven
is renowned for his groundbreaking compositions, particularly his nine symphonies, five piano concertos, and 32 piano sonatas. He is also known for his revolutionary musical style that bridged the Classical and Romantic periods, and his ability to express a wide range of emotions through music during the Classical
Mozart
Austrian composer who was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Of his 800 compositions, many of these compositions are acknowledged as pinnacles of the symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral repertoires, and his music admired for its "melodic beauty, its formal elegance and its richness of harmony and texture.
Haydn
is known as the "Father of the Symphony" and the "Father of the String Quartet". He is renowned for his contributions to the development of these musical forms and for his prolific output of symphonies, string quartets, and other instrumental works. His influence on classical music is undeniable, as he helped establish the structure and style of the symphony, the string quartet, and other forms.
Four-orchestral division
There are four main sections in the orchestra; the strings, the woodwinds, the brass and the percussion in the Classical era.
HIP
use of modern instruments to recreate older pieces of music (historically informed performance).
Troubadours/Trouvères
travelling performance groups from the Medieval Era
Neumes
early symbols used to represent melodic contour, particularly in vocal plainchant in the Medieval Era
Engineering domes
created during the Renaissance Era and were designed to stand independently without external support, a key characteristic of their innovative engineering.
12-tone technique
also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition—is a method of musical composition devised by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg. The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note.
Impressionism (1860-1900)
describes a style of painting developed in France during the mid-to-late 19th century; characterizations of the style include small, visible brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form, unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light. In music,it is a style characterized by its focus on creating moods and atmospheres rather than detailed, narrative-driven compositions.
Expressionism
Unlike Impressionists, who sought merely to imitate nature, these painters typically distorted color, scale and space to convey their subjective feelings about what they saw. In music, an artistic style that seeks to convey profound emotions and subjective experiences through the use of dissonance, atonality, and other unconventional techniques.
Neoclassicism
in music was a twentieth- century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint, essentially using 18th Century forms and techniques with 20th Century harmonies.
Aleatoric
(John Cage) "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen” in the 20th century.
Avant-garde
a way of writing music that uses shapes, patterns, or other non-traditional symbols to convey a composer's intentions in the 20th century.
Minimalism
music involving a simplification of materials and intensive repetition of motives began in the late 1950s with the composers Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass. Later, it was adapted to a more traditional symphonic setting by composers including Reich, Glass, and John Adams
Printing press
invented by Gutenberg in the Renaissance Era, allowing for sheet music to be printed.
Frequency
the rate at which a sound wave vibrates, measured in Hertz (Hz), which is the number of cycles per second.
Serialism
a compositional technique where a series of values (like pitches, rhythms, dynamics, or timbres) is used to manipulate musical elements. It's often associated with 20th-century composers like Arnold Schoenberg, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez, and Karlheinz Stockhausen. A key example is the twelve-tone technique.
Recitative
is a passage of singing where the words are delivered in a speech-like manner, mimicking the natural rhythms and inflections of spoken dialogue, developed in the Baroque era.
WWI/WWII
They were the largest military conflicts in human history. Both wars involved military alliances between different groups of countries during the 20th century.
Acoustic Era
1877-1925
Magnetic Era
1925-1945
Digital Era
1975-present
Age of revolution - US and France
the period between 1775 and 1848, characterized by a series of revolutions across North America and Europe, most notably the American and French Revolutions during the Classical Era
Reformation
a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches during the Renaissance Era.
Duration
the length of time a sound or silence lasts.
Arnold Schoenberg
is known for revolutionizing Western music through his development of atonality and, later, twelve-tone technique (dodecaphony). His innovative approach to composition, particularly his embrace of atonality and serialism during the 20th century
Virtuoso (19th century)
an individual who possesses outstanding talent and technical ability in a particular art or field such as fine arts, music, singing, playing a musical instrument.
Rome Era
750 B.C.-A.D. 470
Greece Era
1100 B.C.-A.D. 140
Classicists & Romantics
Classicism emphasizes order, balance, and rationality, often drawing inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman models. Romanticism, in contrast, prioritizes emotion, individuality, and dramatic expression, often reflecting on nature and the human condition.
Rubato
allowing the tempo to fluctuate within a musical phrase, creating expressive and rhythmic freedom
Audiate
to think about and comprehend music internally, even in the absence of physical sound.
Socratic Paradox
“All I know is I know nothing”
Mythological libretto
refers to the text, or "little book," containing the words of an opera, musical, or other extended vocal work like a cantata or oratorio in the Baroque Era.
Hector Berlioz-Fantastic Symphony
constituted the largest-scale symphony composed by anyone to that time, with its five movements spanning nearly an hour and a dauntingly large orchestra that employed new wind instruments during the Romantic Era.
Igor Stravinsky
is renowned as a pioneering Russian-American composer known for his innovative and groundbreaking musical style, particularly his use of rhythm, dissonance, and orchestration. He is best known for The Rite of Spring, during the 20th century.
Johannes Brahms
a highly regarded German Romantic composer, known for his mastery of symphonic writing, particularly his four symphonies, as well as his German Requiem and other notable works like the violin concerto and Hungarian dances during the 19th century.
Richard Wagner
was a German composer, theatre director, and conductor. Known primarily for his operas including his four-opera epic, The Ring Cycle, Tristan und Isolde and Parsifal during the 19th century.
Exposition
the initial presentation of the main thematic material in a composition
Development
the middle section of the sonata form
Recapitulation
a section within a sonata form movement where the main themes, initially presented in the exposition, are restated, often in the tonic key.
Joel
Bus Driver
Heike
local guide
exposition, development, recapitulation form
Classical Era form
Common Practice Period
a roughly 250-year span of Western classical music history, from around 1600 to 1900, characterized by the widespread use of tonal harmony and standardized musical structures.