Sports Med Final

1st Step in bleeding control

Find the bleed

Apply securing the windlass of tourniquet

Note the time you applied tourniquet

After wound packing and direct pressure, blood continues to come from wound. You should….

apply a tourniquet

You stop turning the windlass of tourniquet when….

the bleeding stops

lateral malleolus

distal end of fibula, lateral ankle bone

medial knee

inside of the knee

Anatomoical position

Body upright: The body is standing erect with the feet shoulder-width apart.

Facing forward: The head and eyes are directed straight ahead.

Arms at sides: The upper limbs are extended at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward.

Legs parallel: The lower limbs are straight and parallel to each other.

Toes pointing forward: The feet are flat on the ground and the toes are pointed straight ahead.

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

toward the back

Lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Acute injury

An injury with sudden onset and short duration

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

Posterior to the Frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

Is Anterior lobe in brain

medulla oblongata

The most inferior part of the brain is the medulla oblongata. It is the bottommost part of the brainstem, situated where the brain connects to the spinal cord.

crainal nerves

12 Pairs, Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochelar, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Viginia's Gucci Vest. Ah, Heaven

Second Impact Syndrome

Potentially life threatening condition that occurs if an athlete receives another concussion before a previous concussion is resolved.

Intracranial Bleed

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself.

Subdural hemorrhage

Bleeding below the outer layer of the protective membrane (dura mater).

Epidural hemorrhage

Bleeding between the skull and the dura mater.

Signs

Things you can: See, Her, Feel, Measure

Ex: Discoloration, deformity, swelling

History (H of HOPS)

First step

Done before you ever touch the athlete.

Use information gained during this phase to guide theUse information gained during this phase to guide therest of the evaluation rest of the evaluation

Questions should answer the following:

How did injury occur?H

When did injury occur?

Did you hear anything: pops, grating, etc.?

Did you feel anything: give out, pop out, burning, numbness

What have you done for it: ice, heat, NSAIDs?

Type and location of pain?

Inspection/ Observation (O in HOPS)

Second part of the evaluation

You still have not touched the athlete

This phase can be done as soon as you see the athlete walk in the door, or as you walk onto the athlete walk in the door, or as you walk onto the field, and can be partially done while taking the field, and can be partially done while taking the history.

Compare everything bilaterally

Looking for:

Swelling (type, location, amount)

DiscolorationDeformities

Gait/ weight bearing

Posture

Scars from previous injuries

Bleeding

Palpation (P in HOPS)

This is the first time you actually touch

You use the information you gained during the history and inspection to guide you

Now you are FEELING for clues about the injury about the injuryYou always palpate the uninjured side first. You always palpate the uninjured side first. Then you palpate the injured side starting away from the area of most pain.from the area of most pain.

Things you are looking for during palpation:

Temperature changes: hot or cold

Deformities

Point tenderness

Crepitus (crunchy)

Swelling (wet diaper vs. water balloon)

Rule out fractures

Special Tests (S in HOPS)

The tests used in this section will be different for each body part that we cover

Remember to perform each test bilaterally

In general the tests are used to determine

Joint range of motion

Muscle strength and function

Ligament stability

Nervous function/integrity

Sprain

An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far and tear.

Strain

A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon

Fracture

broken bone

Subluxation

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint.

Edema

swelling

Eccohymosis

bruise - discoloration

crepitation

the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. Crunchy sound

erythema

redness of the skin

Moist hot pack

Thermal modality to help relax tight muscles. Can be added after 3rd day of injury. Great before practice

Ice pack

Cold modality to be put on new injury up to 3 days. Done after practice.