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Race
refers to the categorisation of a group of people based on physical characteristics such as skin colour, eye shape, hair type and bone structure
Why race is bad
form of generalisation that can lead to prejudice, pseudoscience
Ethnicity
refers to a shared cultural heritage and way of life
Ethnicity characteristics
Language
History
Belief system
Ancestry
Clothing
Food
Customs
Othering
is a phenomenon in which some individuals or groups are defined and labelled as not fitting in within the norms of a social group; it plays a role in the formation of prejudices against people and groups
Othering evidence
Experience of ethnicity
refers to how people feel and interact within a group/s that they are a member, including their sense of belonging and inclusion
Cultural hybridity
a theory, informed by Stuart Hall, that describes the sense of ethnic diversity seen in dual or multiple ethnic identities
Stuart Hallās theory of cultural hybridity
highlight that ethnicity identities are not fixed but are instead constantly in flux and shaped by historical and cultural factors
Cultural hybridity and the experience of ethnicity - Benefits
Individuals may experience a sense of pride and feelings of belonging
Individuals often can choose which features of their ethnicities to keep and celebrate
Cultural hybridity and the experience of ethnicity - Challenges
People may feel āsplitā between cultures
They may feel that they donāt fully belong to a specific culture
People may experience discrimination based on their customs and traditions
Ethnic Diversity
refers to the existence of multiple cultural groups in a specific geographic area
Australiaās cultural diversity
48.2% have at least one parent born overseas
24.8% speak a language other than English at home
Net migration rate = 6.4 migrants per 1,000 people (CIA World Fact Book, 2025)
Languages other than English = Mandarin (2.7%), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%)
Religions - No religion (38.9%), Catholic (20%), Anglican (9.8%), Islam (3.2%) and Hinduism (2.7%)
Similar (multicultural) country - Canada
Ethnic groups - English (14.7%), French (11%), Indian (3.7%)
Languages - English (official, 87.1%), French (official - 29.1%), Arabic (2.4%)
Net migration - 5.4 migrants per 1,000 people (CIA World Fact Book, 2025)
Religions - Christian (53.3%), Muslim (4.9%), Hindu (2.3%)
Differences (multicultural) country - Canada
Canada has two official languages, French and English reflecting the ethnic groupsā shared ancestry within the nation (CIA World Fact Book, 2025), Australia only has one official language being English
Dissimilar (monoculture/homogenous) country - Japan
Ethnic groups - Japanese (95.5%)
Languages - Japanese
Religious - Shintoism (48.6%) and Buddhism (46.4%)
Net migration race - 0.7 migrants per 1,000 people (CIA World Fact Book, 2025)
Multiculturalism
refers to the practice of several different cultures coexisting peacefully and equitably in a single country
Comparative perspective
refers to analysis involving the similarities and differences in experiences between cultures and across countries
Preventers
refers to factors that limit, obstruct or make it difficult for an individual for an individual or group to feel safe and included in multicultural Australia
Enablers
refers to factors that encourage, promote or make it possible for an individual of group to feel safe and included in multicultural society
Belonging
refers to the emotional experience of feeling secure and supported within a group. It includes the feelings of acceptance and inclusion amongst members of a particular society
Inclusion
refers to individuals and groups having the resources , opportunities and capabilities to learn, work, engage and have a voice in society
Multicultural (Micro-definition)
(a society compromised of many cultures) Australia
Cultural practices
refer to the customs and traditions that are unique to a certain ethnic group. They could include religious practices, traditional beliefs, forms of art, dietary habits and aspects of family life
Customs
include participating in festivals, maintaining more than one language, religious practices and eating unique food
Traditions
are cultural practices that occur regularly across time
Media representation
refers to the form and nature of the depiction of an ethnic group
Media
refers to the various forms of communication used to transmit information, entertainment or ideas to a larger audience: print, digital or electronic
Political factors
refers to the aspects of the structure, organisation and policies of a government or political system that can influence society and individual behaviour
Ethical Methodology
refers to the process used to conduct socially responsible research outlined by the Australian Sociological Association, including people who have agreed to take part, after being provided with information about the study, whose privacy is protected
Purpose of ethical methodology
Participants are treated with respect
Putting methods in place to prevent harm to participants
Ensuring participants are aware of their rights including voluntary participation and withdrawal rights
Results are reported honestly to ensure no harm is caused to participants
Voluntary participation
refers to the willing involvement of research participants, including the awareness of their right to refuse to participate in a research project without having to give a reason or justify their decision
Informed consent
refers to the formal agreement of an individual to participate in a research project
Privacy
refers to the use of methods, such as disguising personal identities in written and oral reports of the research, to protect the identity of participants
No information should be released that an individual sees as private such as using the real name or address of a person being studied
Confidentiality of data
refers to protecting the data gathered from research participants and storing it carefully and securely
Research need to ensure they store data confidentially, such as in a password protected document, until it is no longer needed