Bio 103

Chapters 3-4 (Exam 2)

Cell Theory

States that: A cell is the smallest unit of life that makes up all living things. Cells can only come from preexisting cells.

Prokaryotic cells

Don’t have a nucleus or plasma-bound organelles

Grows by binary fission and reproduces using conjunction pili.

Eukaryotic cells

Have a nucleus (a plasma sack with DNA) and plasma-bound organelles (lysosomes and vacuoles) Grows by mitosis and reproduces using meiosis

Cell membrane

Forms a boundary to control what goes in or out of a cell.

Cytoplasm

Biological goo with monosaccarides

Ribosomes

Reads mRNA and makes protien

DNA

Prokaryotic: Circular Plasmid

Eukaryotic: Linear Straight

Cell wall

Only fungi and plants

Flagella

For movement both cell type have this, but in eukarya its just sperm cells

Plasma membrane

controls what goes in or out of the cell

Phospholipids

The most important part of the plasma membrane that has a bond at the tails causing a bilayer that allows water to cross pass.

Proteins

Controls what can cross the plasma membranes

Channel protein

Makes the molecule a specific hole for a particle to pass through the membrane

Pump protein

Uses ATP to move big molecules like glucose

Cell recognition protein

Helps the immune system

Receptor protein

binds molecules

Charbohydrates

help the immune system know self from nonself

Cholesterol

Keeps plasma membrane stable

Fluid mosaic model

Explains how the plasma membrane functions

Simple diffusin

Moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration without using any ATP

Facilitated diffusion

Moving from high concentration to low concentration with a protein and no ATP energy (Faster)

Active Transport

Using ATP to move things

Endocytosis

Cell brings in a lot of molecules all at one time. The cell does this by using the cell membrane to pinch inward to make a vesicle

Phagocytosis

When a cell eats another organism

Exocytosis

Moving a lot of molecules out of a cell at one time

Organelle

Tiny organ inside a cell with a specific function

Nucleus

Plasma membrane sack of DNA. DNA can’t leave the nucleus

mRNA

Messenger RNA which can leave the nucleus

Endomembrane system

Plasma membrane-bound organelles inside the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Ribosome attached membrane sack for protein folding

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Plasma membrane sack that makes lipids and detoxifies cells

Golgi Apparatus

Folding proteins

Lysosome

Enzyme responsible for breaking down engulfed particles and old organelles.

Vacule

Storing stuff i.e. Lipids and water

Cytoskeleton

Organelles giving cells their shape and structure

Microtubule

Protein rods that are made to be a highway for the motor proteins

Filament

Protein rod near cell membrane which helps give shape as well as muscle contractions

Motor Proteins

Move molecules across the cell (Each Step uses 1 ATP energy Molecule)

Energy Cells/System

Organelles making energy molecules

Chloroplast

Has 3 separate membranes and has its own DNA separate from the nucleus. This organ preforms photo synthesis

Mitochondrion

Has 2 separate membranes and has its own DNA separate from the nucleus. This cell performs Aerobic Cellular Respiration by turning glucose into ATP energy

Endosymbiosis Theory

Explains why some eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts and mitochondrion organelles

Brownian Motion Theory

All molecules are constantly moving and go from high to low concentration without using energy (simple diffusion)

Osmosis

Water moving

Green tube experiment

Water moves from low concentration to high causing osmosis

Isotonic

Same solute: water ratio on the inside and outside of the cell.

Hypertonic

One solution has more solute causing the water to flow out of the cells making them shrivel and die

Hypotonic

One solution has less solute and more water this is because the water flows into the cell. Plant cells will stay healthy, but animal cells will pop/burst.

Antibiotic

A chemical that kills prokaryotic and bacteria cells

Energy

Capacity to do work

Kinetic Energy

Motion energy

Potential Energy

Stored Energy

ATP

Adenine triphosphate most common form of energy

Thermodynamics

Energy laws that all biological systems follow

Law number 1

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change from one form to another.

Law number 2

Energy cannot change from one for to another without loss of usable energy (Heat)

Cellular Motabolism

All chemical reactions inside a cell

Metabolic Pathway

Specific sequence of enzymes turning inputs into outputs

Big Theme

Biological systems are lazy and want to do the most work with the least amount of effort

Enzyme

protein with a specific shape that if broken won’t work anymore.

Denature

Changing the shape of an enzyme. Things that can cause denature are: Heat, pH, Salt/salinity

Catabolic

Bond breaking

Anabolic

Bond Making

Lactuse

Breaks lactose disaccharide into a monosaccharide

Trypsin

Turns milk protein casein into a morphine analog