UCSP FINALS (Q1)

GROUPS

• Are formed by two or more individuals, interacting and identifying with each other, because of some similar characteristics are shared interests.

JUDICIARY

interprets the law

EXECUTIVE

implements the law

LEGISLATIVE

makes the law

1987 Philippine Constitution

- law of the land

SOCIETY

is organized through primary or secondary groups

INSTITUTION

A functioning entity; A formalized organization established to fulfill specific functions or purposes within society, characterized by rules, norms, and established procedures

AGGREGATES

People who happen to be in the same place; individuals who are brought together

COLLECTIVITY

– A group of people who share common interests, goals, or values and may act together in a coordinated manner.

SOCIAL CATEGORY

A classification of individuals based on shared characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

GROUPS

Formed by two or more individuals, interacting & identifying with each other, because of some similar characteristics or shared interests.

− Common ancestry and Territorial Proximity are also among the typical bases for group formation.

o Territorial Proximity – nearness of physical distance between those who form a group.

− A bounded collection of interacting individuals who are functionally, cognitively, and structurally interdependent to various degrees.

− Can be temporary

PRIMARY GROUP

• Built on the bases of intimate and personal relationships that allow them to thrive and tend to last, through cooperation and close association. 

• It helps shape the individual's personality. 

• Very frequent interaction.

SECONDARY GROUP

• Larger and more impersonal in nature. 

• Depends on shared aspirations or common objectives, rather than on family ties or personal relationships. 

• They don't necessarily interact with everyone in the group. 

• They are bound by their social identities. 

• Exs: nations, corporations, and professional associations. 

REFERENCE GROUP

• Serves as a point of reference in evaluating one’s attitudes and behavior and making decisions related to those.

• In-group and Out-group

IN-GROUP

• groups that positively define themselves with members as the point of reference.  Ex: Fraternity, Soronities

• group to which a person belongs & feels a sense of identity

OUT-GROUP

those who don’t belong, not the same, and are different to the in-group

− the group which the in-group may feel hostile to

− e.g. rival team in sports

SOCIAL NETWORK

A group of people who have occasional interactions and who engage in similar or related tasks while remaining unknown, unfamiliar or only slightly familiar with each other.

FAMILY

Commonly defined as the most basic social unit composed of one or more parents with children who live together.

NUCLEAR OR CONJUGAL FAMILY

• composed of one or two parents and their child/children.

EXTENDED OR CONSANGUINE FAMILY

composed of parents and children, plus other members of the kin.

RECONSTITUTED FAMILY

members differ from the typical members of a nuclear or an extended family.

− e.g. female-headed transnational family –members living in 2 nation-states, mother

works in another country, children stay in another country

MARRIAGE

• Publicly recognized social and legal union

• Accords a child full birth-status rights common to normal members of his society

HOUSEHOLD

Consists of one or more people living in a housing unit

– Families constitute households or households are built around families

KIN

 a group with common ancestry or marriage ties

KINSHIP

Family ties with social bonds based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

CONSANGUINITY OR CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP

People who are related either through blood relations

AFFINAL KINSHIP

marriage ties are considered part of one’s kin group

MATRILINEAL KINSHIP

when people are considered members of the mother’s side from birth onward

PATRILINEAL KINSHIP

when people are considered members of the father’s side from birth onward

UNILINEAL

either matrilineal or patrilineal when tracing descent

BILATERAL

both matrilineal and patrilineal are recognized when tracing descent

DESCENT

– Reckoning of relationship based on a common ancestor

RITUAL KINSHIP

Religious rituals like baptism (binyag) and confirmation (kumpil)

− Also established in the Philippines and other countries where such rituals are practiced

COMPADRE SYSTEM

•  it initiates a godparent-godchild relationship that serves to strengthen ties between families.

• also known as COMPADRAZGO

UPPER LEVEL

older elite and capitalist-entrepreneurs

MIDDLE HIGH LEVEL

professionals and bureaucrats

MIDDLE LOW LEVEL

small-scale businessmen and employees

LOWER LEVEL

fishermen, crewmen, laborers, and market vendors

− have fewer ties which use them in a more diffusely social but less instrumental manner

LINEAGES

Group of people related by a common ancestor

COGNATES

having a common origin

FICTIVE KINSHIP

Acting as if someone is kin when they are actually not

BAND

A small, egalitarian, kin-based group of per harps 10-50 people.

TRIBE

Comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated (often through a council of elders or other leaders) and shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture

CHIEFDOM

• Organized through formal structures that integrate several communities (such as tribes) into a distinct political identity led by a council of leaders (chief).

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

those bodies—parties, legislatures, and heads of state—that make up the whole mechanism of modern governments

- The Congress of the Philippines (the national legislative body, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives)

- The Supreme Court of the Philippines (the highest judicial court)

- The Office of the President of the Philippines (the executive branch's head)

STATE

• An independent, sovereign government exercising control over a certain spatially defined and bounded area, whose borders are usually clearly defined internationally recognized by other states. 

• Ex: Palestinians are stateless.

NATION

• A group of people who see themselves as a cohesive and coherent unit based on shared cultural or historical criteria.

• distinctly marked by a shared history and culture, including bonds of linguistic and religious ties as well.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES

is the overall system organizing how power is distributed and exercised

- Philippines has a unitary state structure with a presidential system of governance

MAX WEBER

• identifies the three types of authority. 

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

• Often considered a synonym of hereditary authority. 

• Authority that is passed through the bloodline of leaders, as in absolute monarchies

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

• The capacity of a leader to attract and retain loyal and devoted followers through his/her personal qualities, just like what some dictators and cult leaders are capable of. 

• ___________ are utilized by TV personalities in the Ph when joining the public office.

RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY

• Drawn from legal and constitutional mandates that are usually collectively agreed upon and/or  approved by those who are governed, as in what is practiced in many modern democratic countries or at least, in countries that claim to be democratic. 

MARKET ECONOMIES

• Typically understood as those that rely on money or currency to facilitate trade or the exchange of goods and services.

NON-MARKET ECONOMIES

Are those understood as those that rely on barter and similar forms of product/commodity exchanges

have extensive government control of the means of production, allocation of resources and over the price and output decisions of enterprises.

- Governed by principles of reciprocity and redistribution.

RECIPROCITY

refers to the direct exchange of goods and services.

REDISTRIBUTION

means the transfer of goods or services from central authority that collects it from community members and/or external sources, so as to distribute it to the members of the society.

MARKET TRANSACTION

 indirect exchange of goods and services– facilitated by money or currency.

STOCK MARKET

The purchasing and trading of partial ownership of stocks/shares of corporations

PROFIT MOTIVE

Maximizing the profitability of a company or business, or optimizing one’s financial gains from a market transaction.

- Necessary driver of economic development; most market governments are governed by such.

CYPTOCURRENCY

Electronic currency or e-money

- Cannot purchase without transacting in physical currency first

- Stored in a digital wallet

PRIMARY SECTOR

• Engaged in extraction of raw materials such as petroleum, minerals, logs, etc. 

• Extracting natural resources through agriculture and fishing. 

SECONDARY SECTOR

• Engaged in manufacturing or the mass production of goods/commodities from raw materials.

TERTIARY SECTOR

• Engaged in providing services, especially those that facilitate the transport, distribution, and sale of goods/commodities. 

• Encomapsses business process outsourcing (BPO or call center services), real estate sales, and practicing professions. 

• The current Philippine economy is dominated by the tertiary sector

NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

Includes banks and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy groups, development agencies, international organizations

- Exist independently from states (exception of state-owned banks and corporations, e.g. Landbank)

- However, they operate within the regulations set by the states.

BANKS

lend money to businesses, start-ups, entrepreneurs, and government; plays a major role in maximizing the productive potentials of money

o Money can only be productive if invested in sectors that produce commodities and/or services

CORPORATIONS

– private entities that are created to manage a company or a group of companies that produce commodities, provide services, or engage in the stock market; led by a board of directors

- run the corporations profitably, while at the same time taking account Corporate Social Responsibility; private sector’s commitment to upholding the common good.

TRADE UNIONS OR LABEL UNIONS

Harnesses the collective power of the workers against the power of corporations

- Established by workers and employees to collectively fight for their welfare and interests.

- Ensures that corporations won’t exploit workers, and to compel the government to provide protection and relief to workers too

- Government-registered labor unions have the power to strike a collective bargaining

agreement (CBA) with corporate management.

o CBA - allows negotiations with respect to wages, hours of work, etc.

o Bureau of Labor Relations (BLR) - under the government or public sector (tertiary)

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS

are groups formed independently from the government to promote

various interests and values of society, like human rights, environmental protection, or health.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS

are local groups that work to improve conditions or provide support in a

specific community, focusing on issues like neighborhood safety, local education, or community development.

COOPERATIVES

Organizations formed by citizens to help themselves through providing financial services to its members. (i.e. lending money and selling

products at lower rates than market prices) in exchange for membership dues or share capital

- PATRONAGE REFUND - Profits of a cooperative are typically given back to its members every year in the form of cash dividends, proportional to a

member’s number of shares

- they are exempted from taxes in the ph

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES

help finance big government projects, especially in developing countries.

BANKS, STOCK MARKET, TRADE UNIONS, CIVIL ORGS, DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, COOPERATIVE

NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

PNP, DepEd, DOH, COMELEC, DOLE, NBI, DSWD, DOJ

STATE- INSTITUTIONS

SCHOOLS

main entities in establishing and nurturing educational institutions.

EDUCATION

functions cover both individual’s need

for self-actualization and society’s need for having a

productive citizenry that contributes their knowledge

and skills.

DEMOCRATIC SECULARISM

means keeping religion separate from government decisions and

laws in a country; treats all religions equally

ANIMISM

• The belief that everything has a spirit: tree, bird, etc.

• “nature worship”

POLYTHEISM

Belief system that emphasizes belief in the existence of multiple gods

MONOTHEISM

Only one all-powerful god exists.

- Islam and Christianity