Chapter 30 - The American Pageant

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George Creel

George Creel

A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Eugene V. Debs

A leader of the Socialist and Labor movements, He lived in the mid 19th century to the early 20th century and advocated for peace. He was arrested under the Espionage act to silence both his voice and the voice of the Unions he led.

William D. Haywood

a leader of the Industrial workers of the World, the Wester Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America. He was one of the most feared of American labor radicals. During WWI, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation. He also spent time in jail for violating the espionage act

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Herbert Hoover

Head of the food administration during WW1and 31st President of the United States.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

Warren G. Harding

President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI.

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWI

James M. Cox

Democratic nominee for presidential candidate in 1920. Former governor of Ohio.

self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

"peace without victory"

Before entering the war, Wilson presented a plan to Congress for the U.S. for maintaining peace through a permanent league of nations after the war. He wanted this war to end all wars, and build world peace, not punish the Germans

collective security

A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

conscription

A military draft

doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

"politics is adjourned"

Wilson's slogan during the war to prevent partisan political strife.

"solemn referendum"

Wilson's belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations

"normalcy"

A return to "normal" life after the war.

Zimmermann note

A secret document to Mexico that said Germany would help them regain lost territories in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they joined the war on the Central Powers side

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in WWI

Schenck v. United States

Supreme court decides that any actions taken that present a "clear and present danger" to the public or government isn't allowed, this can limit free speech

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

National Woman's Party

An American women's organization formed in 1916 as an outgrowth of the Congressional Union, which in turn was formed in 1913 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to fight for women's suffrage, ignoring all other issues.

Women's Bureau

Part of the US Department of Labor that started to attack gender stereotypes

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Eighteenth Amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Liberty Loans

Bonds sold by the Treasury Department largely through propaganda campaigns, used to raise two thirds of the cost of the war

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Chateau-Thierry

Battle where Americans saw their first serious action; helped turn back a German offensive on the Marne River in June 1918

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of WW1

Big Four

The four most important leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Shandong peninsula

The Yellow River empties into the Bohai Sea, which is bordered by this to the south; Japan captured the peninsula from Germany during WW1, and continued to occupy the peninsula after the war (in response to this, the May Fourth Movement formed in China to protest the Treaty of Versailles)

Lodge reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repay war damages (33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.